硫/石灰石自养反硝化处理低碳高氮城市污水的工艺

利用水泥+沙子的胶凝骨架材料作为生物反应器填料骨架,通过胶凝粘附1∶1配比的硫粉和石灰石粉的方法制备自养反硝化填料,在自行设计的自制硫/石灰石填料自养反硝化系统中,考察了该工艺对以低C/N为特性且含低氨氮高总氮的城市污水处理厂二级处理出水的脱氮性能,并优化了主要工艺参数。结果表明,在进水总氮为40.92 mg/L,COD为38.92 mg/L,C∶TN∶NH+4-N=8.6∶9∶1的条件下,系统最优水力停留时间为3.2 h,系统最优初始pH值为7,最适反硝化温度为32.8℃,TN去除率为90%~92%。比传统按1∶1体积比例投加硫磺与石灰的反应器在处理时间方面缩短60%以上,去除效率也大有提高。     

热解吸对污染土壤中不同形态汞的去除作用

选取贵州省万山矿区的汞污染土壤样品进行不同形态汞的热解吸去除行为研究。研究了热解吸过程中∑Hg的去除效果及动力学,以及温度和时间对污染土壤中不同形态汞的去除作用。结果表明,热解吸修复技术可有效去除土壤中的汞,土壤中∑Hg的热解吸过程符合二级动力学方程。固定热解吸时间在10 min时,随着热解吸温度的升高,土壤中水溶态汞、盐酸溶态汞和碱溶态汞含量呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,王水溶汞和盐酸溶态汞始终呈现下降趋势,说明不同形态的汞之间发生了转化。热解吸温度为250℃时,随着热解吸时间的增加,环境风险大的水溶态汞、盐酸溶态汞、碱溶态汞和硝酸溶态汞的去除率大幅增加,土壤的有机质损失较少,说明在低温下,延长热解吸时间,对生物毒性强的形态汞有良好的修复效果,且此温度下处理后的土壤更容易恢复农田耕作。     

尖晶石型铝酸盐光催化还原CO_2

采用有机物前驱法制备了3种尖晶石型铝酸盐催化剂(CoAl_2O_4,ZnAl_2O_4,CoAl_2O_4)。采用FTIR,XRD,UV-Vis DRS等技术对催化剂进行表征,并将催化剂应用于CO_2的光催化还原。表征结果显示:除CoAl_2O_4外,CoAl_2O_4和ZnAl_2O_4在煅烧时均直接形成尖晶石相;CoAl_2O_4,CoAl_2O_4,ZnAl_2O_4的平均粒径分别为25.21,21.35,23.26 nm,禁带宽度分别为1.77,1.45,3.82 eV。分别以煅烧温度为900℃、煅烧时间为4 h时制得的ZnAl_2O_4,CoAl_2O_4,CoAl_2O_4为催化剂,在催化剂加入量为1.5 g/L、CO_2流量为200 mL/min、反应温度为60℃的条件下光催化反应8 h,甲酸产生量分别为443.54,365.65,241.39μmol/g。     

Food utilization and growth of cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae exposed to nickel,and its effect on reproductive potential

Food utilization and growth of the 5th and 6th instar Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae, and its effect on reproduction potential was evaluated by feeding larvae diets with different doses of Ni for 3 generations. Dose-dependent relationships between Ni levels and food consumption and growth were variable with different larval developmental period and Ni exposure duration. RCR, AD and RGR of the 6th instar larvae were much more affected by Ni exposure than those of 5th instar larvae, and the effects were strongest in the 3rd generation. It was found that RCR was significantly stimulated after 1 and 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure, while AD was significantly inhibited after 1, 5, 10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. However, lower levels of Ni (?5 mg kg⁻¹) significantly increased and higher levels of Ni (?10 mg kg⁻¹) significantly decreased RGR. In 3 successive generations, 10 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECI and ECD of the 5th instar larvae, and 5 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECD of the 6th instar larvae. However, ECD were all significantly inhibited with 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. Results also revealed that durations of larvae were shortened at low levels of Ni, but extended at high levels of Ni. Fecundity was inhibited by the highest Ni doses in each generation, while improved by low Ni doses in the 3rd generation. Hatching rates in all treatments were significantly decreased in a Ni dose-dependent manner. Study indicated that effects of Ni on these parameters were predominant with the increasing Ni exposure period.     

Cyclo-stationary maximum cross-covariance analysis for exogenously forced environmental systems

The response of an ecological system to external forcings shows marked seasonality and complex time delays. In order to take seasonality into account, the assumption of stationarity inherent in most statistical models for time series is replaced here by more flexible cyclo-stationarity. To describe the dominant modes of the cross-covariance structure of the system and the forcing, temporal (orthonormal) patterns are derived. They are estimated by a singular value decomposition of the cyclo-stationary sample cross-covariance matrix. These patterns allow to formulate a prediction scheme for the system once the forcing is known. The method has comparatively little tendency for multi-collinearity, so that it is well applicable also for multivariate settings and shorter data records. The method is illustrated for an aquatic ecosystem with distinct phases of a biological succession.     

菜对镉污水的净化作用及其机制探讨

将水生植物菜在含不同浓度 Cd Cl2 的培养液中培养不同的时间 ,分别测定菜的茎叶、根系、培养液中的含镉量 ,植株细胞中超氧阴离子 (O-·2 )、丙二醛 (MDA)的含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性及细胞外渗的量。实验结果表明 ,菜对镉有较强的耐受性 ,5mg/ L镉为其最小致死浓度 ,菜通过根系的吸收和分泌物的吸附作用固定溶液中的镉 ,对含镉污水有较高的净化能力 ,最高可清除污水中 99.5%的镉。在可耐受的范围内 ,菜植株中 SOD活性应激性升高 ,使镉毒害造成的 O-·2 大量生成与清除达到新的平衡 ,有效抑制膜脂过氧化物 MDA的形成 ,认为这是菜在镉胁迫下的防护机制之一。     

Relationships of relative humidity with PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> and PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> in the Yangtze River Delta,China

Severe particulate matter (PM, including PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) pollution frequently impacts many cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China, which has aroused growing concern. In this study, we examined the associations between relative humidity (RH) and PM pollution using the equal step-size statistical method. Our results revealed that RH had an inverted U-shaped relationship with PM_2.5 concentrations (peaking at RH = 45–70%), and an inverted V-shaped relationship (peaking at RH = 40 ± 5%) with PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂. The trends of polluted-day number significantly changed at RH = 70%. The very-dry (RH < 45%), dry (RH = 45–60%) and low-humidity (RH = 60–70%) conditions positively affected PM_2.5 and exerted an accumulation effect, while the mid-humidity (RH = 70–80%), high-humidity (RH = 80–90%), and extreme-humidity (RH = 90–100%) conditions played a significant role in reducing particle concentrations. For PM₁₀, the accumulation and reduction effects of RH were split at RH = 45%. Moreover, an upward slope in the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio indicated that the accumulation effects from increasing RH were more intense on PM_2.5 than on PM₁₀, while the opposite was noticed for the reduction effects. Secondary transformations from SO₂ and NO₂ to sulfate and nitrate were mainly responsible for PM_2.5 pollution, and thus, controlling these precursors is effective in mitigating the PM pollution in the YRD, especially during winter. The conclusions in this study will be helpful for regional air-quality management.     

Trophic states of creeks and their relationship to changes in water level in Xixi National Wetland Park,China

Urban wetland parks are a new type of urban park that have developed rapidly in recent years and have caught the attention of multiple governmental departments. The objective of this paper was to describe the trophic states of creeks and their relationship to water levels in an urban wetland park in Xixi, China. The study was based on temporal and spatial data collected monthly between March 2009 and March 2010. The results indicated that: (1) water quality significantly changed from upstream to downstream in study creeks. From upstream to downstream, water quality of creeks I and III improved; however, the water quality of creek IV and V declined; (2) trophic states in Xixi creeks differed according to seasons. Overall, the nutrition in creeks was measured at the slight eutrophication level. Nutrition was highest in summer and lowest in winter; (3) the relationship between water quality and water level differed dramatically between creeks. Water quality and water level in creek I was significantly negatively correlated, while no obvious trends were observed in other creeks. In order to improve water quality in creeks, the valid technique is to strengthen the management of inflowing water quality and then control water levels.     

Mussel watch program for organic contaminants along the Korean coast, 2001–2007

The level and extent of organic contaminants along the Korean coast were estimated through the mussel watch program, established in 2001. Mussels and oysters were collected at 20 sites along the Korean coast in 2001 and at 25 sites from 2002 to 2007. The mussel tissues were analyzed for PCBs, organochlorine presticides, PAHs, BTs, and PCDD/Fs. PCBs, PAHs, BTs, and PCDD/Fs were ubiquitous contaminants along the Korean coast, showing mean detection frequencies of more than 95% over 7 years. The concentrations of organic contaminants in mussels along the Korean coast were relatively low or moderate compared with foreign studies. Concentrations of DDTs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs were below the action or maximum levels for humans established by USFDA and EU. Elevated concentrations above the 85th percentile were found for PCBs, PAHs, BTs, and PCDD/Fs at sites near industrial complexes or big harbors, for HCHs at sites near non-industrial complexes, and for DDTs at sites near both non-industrial and industrial complexes. Using two nonparametric tests to assess temporal trends, the Spearman test revealed that BTs and PCDD/Fs had significant decreasing trends at four sites (Gwangyang Bay, Cheonsu Bay, Garorym Bay, and the Incheon coast) and at six sites (Hupo coast, Guryongpo coast, eastern part of Geojedo, Gunsan coast, Garorym Bay, and Asan Bay), respectively.     

土壤气相抽提法去除红壤中挥发性有机污染物的影响因素研究

土壤气相抽提技术(SVE)是一种安全、经济、高效的土壤治理技术,广泛应用于不饱和土壤中挥发性有机污染物的去除.本实验以我国南方典型土壤红壤(粘性较大的土壤)为实验土样,选用最常见的挥发性有机物苯作为污染物,采用一维土柱通风模拟SVE过程,研究了通风流量、土壤含水率以及间歇操作对苯污染红壤去污过程的影响.结果表明,在各土柱垂向气相中苯浓度变化趋势一致,通风初期浓度迅速降低后进入长时间的拖尾阶段,拖尾阶段初期进行间歇操作可降低能耗达到较经济的治理效果.通风流量与土壤含水率是影响净化时间和修复效果的重要因素,两者均存在最佳值.当通风流量为600 mL/min,含水率为17.2%时本实验净化时间降低为36 h,去除率为99.9%,达到了最佳的治理效果.