Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m~3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

关于环境噪声管理中的几个问题

探讨了日常环境噪声管理中涉及的环境噪声污染的界定、环境噪声功能区划的方法以及建筑施工噪声的监测等方面问题，认为必须完善配套制度和修订有关规范。     

Distribution,sources and potential risk of HCH and DDT in soils from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region,China

Spatial distribution, sources and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils (n = 544) collected from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, were elucidated. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 99.0 ng g^?1, dry weight (dw) (mean 3.23 ng g^?1 dw) and <LOD to 600 ng g^?1 dw (mean 88.8 ng g^?1 dw), respectively. Historical applications of HCH and DDT were the major sources of the residue in soils. HCH was mainly distributed in Anthrosols in the southern part of the watershed, while DDT was mainly distributed in Cambosols in the northern part. The 95 % cumulative probability incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of different age groups such as children, youths, and adults all exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10^?6 recommended by USEPA for carcinogenic chemicals. The spatial distributions of ∑ILCRs were consistent with concentrations of OCPs in soils, while they were slight different for the different age groups. Adult females had the greatest risk of OCPs in soils, followed by children, while youths had the least risk. The ingestion of OCPs in soils was the more important route of exposure compared with dermal and inhalation exposures. The concentration of OCPs in soils, the particulate emission factor, the fraction of dermal exposure ratio, and the soil ingestion rate were the major contributing variables to total ILCRs according to sensitivity analyses.     

珠江入海口水体中多溴联苯醚及其来源分析

2005年3月至2006年2月,选取珠江8个入海口,进行每月1次为期1周年的水样采集。检测了96个水样的多溴联苯醚（PBDEs,包括BDE 28、47、66、85、99、100、138、153、154、183、196、197、203、206、207、208和209）的残留状况。水体中PBDEs的质量浓度为0.344～68.0 ng·L-1。PBDEs的组成分析结果表明：珠江水体PBDEs的来源以土壤和沉积物源为主,而目前珠三角陆地环境中PBDEs仍不断蓄积,其通过珠江地表径流迁移转换的PBDEs将逐年增多,给珠三角水生态环境带来的压力逐日增加,所造成的生态环境及公众健康影响将是深远的。     

乌江流域水沙特性变化分析

对乌江流域水沙特性变化进行分析,是解决长江上游泥沙问题、提高水资源利用率和防灾减灾的根本出发点,同时可为喀斯特地区水土流失治理和生态恢复提供理论依据.文章通过对乌江流域主要水文站鸭池河站、乌江渡站和思南站的降雨-径流-泥沙随时间的变化、降雨-径流和径流-泥沙的相关性和双累积曲线进行分析,研究结果为:降雨量、径流模数和输沙模数随时间的变化无明显趋势,历年输沙模数是鸭池河>乌江渡>思南.1980年以后由于实施了大量水土保持工程使得输沙模数大量减少.在年均径流模数相同的情况下,1971-1979年这一时期的产沙量要高于1961-1970年.从1971年开始输沙模数相对于径流而言出现趋势性增多,这主要是由人类活动造成.三个站点的双累积曲线变化趋势相似,说明人类活动对河流泥沙的影响,既取决于人类活动的方式、程度,也受制于流域环境条件.     

二沉池动态仿真模型研究

建立了二沉池的一维动态模型,同时定义偏差函数作为模型参数校核的目标函数,并对某污水厂二沉池进行动态仿真的模拟.通过对模拟数据和实际运行数据的对比,验证了二沉池模拟的合理性以及参数校核方法的有效性.     

西北地区不同等级沙尘暴的空间变化与防治

通过资料分析,揭示了西北地区不同等级沙尘暴的分布范围与物质组成的空间变化及发生动力。研究表明,西北特强沙尘暴活动范围从荒漠源区一直到东南沿海及港澳地区,强沙尘暴活动范围包括荒漠源区到我国东部的河南郑州、开封、许昌以及山东菏泽等地,中等沙尘暴分布在荒漠源区到甘肃兰州等地,弱沙尘暴分布范围小,以点状分布为主;不同等级沙尘暴的物质浓度和组成不同;产生不同等级沙尘暴的动力不同;给黄土高原带来大量粉尘物质和造成严重灾害的主要是强和特强沙尘暴;对西北地区不同等级沙尘暴灾害的防治应采取分级防治和分区防治相结合的措施。     

Recovery of phosphorus as struvite from sewage sludge ash

Phosphorus (P) is an element vital for all living organisms, yet the world's reserves of phosphate rock are becoming depleted. This study investigated an effective P recovery method from sludge ash via struvite precipitation. Results showed that more than 95% of the total P content was extracted from sludge ash by applying 0.5 mol/L HCl at a liquid/solid ratio of 50 mL/g. Although heavy metal leaching also occurred during P extraction, cation exchange resin efficiently removed the heavy metals from the P-rich solution. Orthogonal tests showed that the optimal parameters for P precipitation as struvite would be a Mg:N:P molar ratio of 1.6:1.6:1 at pH 10.0. X-ray diffraction analysis validated the formation of struvite. Further investigations revealed that the harvested precipitate had a high struvite content (97%), high P bioavailability (94%), and low heavy metal content, which could be considered a high quality fertilizer.     

内电解法处理工业废水技术的试验

用内电地对印染废水，靛兰生产废水，电镀废水及炼油厂含油废水进行了试验。结果表明，ＣＯＤＣｒ的去除率可达５０％＿７０％，色度，硝基苯，酚，重金属离子及油的去除率可达９０％以上。     

电导滴定法快速测定不同水中硫酸根的含量

采用电导法，用氯化钡标准溶液滴定水样中硫酸根的含量对测定结果的影响因素进行了探讨，本方法测定的回收率在９８￣１０２％之间，装置简单，试样测定时间仅需几分钟，准确度较高，适用范围广，如海水，卤水，自来水、深井水、雨水和部分工业废水等硫酸根含量的测定。