全氟辛烷磺酸在大连区域环境多介质中的归趋模拟

阐明污染物的环境归趋对于其污染控制和生态风险评价具有重要意义。本文构建了三级环境多介质逸度模型,研究全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在大连区域环境多介质中的分布及其迁移规律。结果表明,PFOS在大气、水、土壤和沉积物相的模拟浓度分别为5.10 pg·m-3、22.60 ng·L-1、2.25μg·kg-1和0.34μg·kg-1,与实测值较为一致。环境相间的迁移主要是大气向土壤中迁移和土壤向水中的迁移,水和土壤是大连区域PFOS的主要的汇。PFOS在大气和水相的平流输入为主要的污染来源,而大气的平流输出是其主要的输出途径。灵敏度分析表明,有机碳分配系数、溶解度、水和气相平流输入、土壤中水的径流速率以及温度是影响模型结果的主要参数。不确定分析则表明,整体参数的变化对水体输出结果影响最大,对沉积物影响最小。本研究较好地模拟了PFOS在大连区域环境多介质中的迁移和归趋,可为其污染控制和生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

底质耗氧行为探讨

本文介绍了底质耗氧速率方程，速率常数ｋ值比较及温度对ｋ值的影响等，对南排污河等底质的研究表明：ｋ值大，污染严重，故可用ｋ值估计底质污染的轻重。另外，温度升高，底质耗氧速率常数增大。     

Premières données sur la longévité, le rythme de ponte et la fécondité de Scolelepis cf. fuliginosa (polychète,spionidé) en élevage

Adult Scolelepis cf. fuliginosa Claparède, raised from laboratory-born larvae, have been cultivated at a temperature of 18.5°C for weeks or months. They were offered artificial food only. They attain sexual maturity after 39 to 157 days. As soon as sexing is possible, the polychaetes are transferred to small dishes and paired. Egg laying extends throughout the whole life cycle at 4.6 day intervals; this interval tends to increase with age and size. Egg production varies greatly, at the beginning of reproduction, productivity increases, then fluctuates considerably around a mean value which may be very different in different pairs. There are also important variations in the total number of eggs between pairs; the reasons for this are still unknown. An hypothesis is presented on the factors controlling egg release: it is suggested that the worms' energy budget makes egg laying possible only in winter and spring; at higher temperatures, energy release is insufficient for egg production, owing to the poor nutritional level. According to this hypothesis, temperature affects reproduction indirectly.     

The effect of solvent concentration on the use of palladized-iron for the step-wise dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil extracts

This report describes the application of palladized iron (Pd/Fe) to the dechlorination of polychlorinted biphenyls (PCBs) at ambient temperature. Experiments supported by congener-specific analyses demonstrated that dechlorination occurs in a step-wise fashion with the meta-chlorines being more reactive than ortho-chlorines. Over the course of the laboratory experiments, complete conversion to biphenyl was observed. The process was also tested with PCBs dissolved in high (40-60%) concentrations of ethanol and isopropanol as a means of simulating solutions generated by commercial soil and solid waste extraction processes. The reaction rate was sensitive to the percentage of solvent but complete dechlorination was still indicated. Tests with soil extracts from a contaminated site demonstrated that there were no apparent interferences from asphalt and other miscellaneous debris. Short-duration tests with highly contaminated PCB solutions from a hazardous waste site demonstrated efficient dechlorination although there was a reduction in reaction rate with time.     

新型杀菌剂双季铵盐BQAS性能试验研究

新型杀菌剂双季铵盐以其低毒、性能优良而受到广泛的关注。以自制的N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料合成产物双季铵盐(BQAS)。对双季铵盐BQAS的杀菌性能及缓蚀性能研究表明,双季铵盐对SRB和TGB的杀灭能力均优于1227,双季铵盐在有氧中性水介质中表现出一定的缓蚀性能,并具有较强的杀菌能力,是一种吸附成膜型缓蚀剂。     

催化动力学光度法测定环境中痕量钒的研究

基于Ｖ（ｖ）在ＫＨＰ－ＫＣｌ缓冲溶液中，邻苯二酚活化剂存在下，对溴酸钾氧化邻苯二胺的催化作用、建立了一个测定环境样品中痕量钒的催化动力学光度法。检出限为０．０２ｎｇ／ｍｌＶ，线性范围是０．４－１４ｎｇ／ｍｌＶ，该法用于煤，降尘，人发和尿中钒的测定，结果满意。     

WATER QUALITY STRATIFICATION IN SHALLOW WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS1

ABSTRACT: The physical limnology of three modern wastewater stabilization ponds serving a small community in Minnesota was investigated over a 1-year period (July 1989 - October 1990). Water temperatures and associated meteorological parameters were recorded continuously; underwater light, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Secchi depth were measured intermittently (about weekly). Measurements of nutrients and planktonic species were made by other investigators. Water quality stratification dynamics were studied by analyzing variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH distributions with time and over depth. Intermittent stratification and mixing of the shallow waste stabilization ponds (1–2 m deep) were documented and related to weather. The strong response of the ponds to seasonal and daily weather variations was observed. Three types of pond stratification conditions have been identified: (1) completely mixed during consecutive day and night, (2) stratified during the day and well-mixed during the night, and (3) continuously stratified during day and night. A diurnal cycle of stratification dynamics was first noticed in late April and persisted through summer and into fall. Differences in light attenuation and hence temperature stratification and DO distribution between pond 1 (primary), pond 2 (second primary) and pond 3 (secondary) in the wastewater treatment system were documented and related to different waste loading conditions. Temperature stratification affects chemical, microbial, and planktonic processes in the ponds. Results presented in this paper can be used to provide guidance for water quality sampling in monitoring of pond performance. Information on true mixing conditions is also needed to gain better understanding of important factors affecting pond operation, and for process simulations and reactor modeling of waste stabilization ponds.     

Graft Copolymers, for Erodible Resins, from α-Hydroxyacids Oligomers Macromonomers and Acrylic Monomers

Environmental concerns result in a progressive withdrawal of antifouling paints containing organotin derivatives. The nature of the binders is critical with regard to the erosion of the protecting film through factors such as bond cleavage, dissolution, and diffusion of the degradation products. The versatility of acrylic polymers, due to the possibility of varying their chemical structure had conducted, in the first stage, to combine different types of repeating units in the macromolecular backbone. Formulation and evaluation, in natural sites, of these binders, with a well-defined hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and with hydrolyzable pendant groups, have shown the possibility to prepare new organotin free resins which can be formulated and which are erodible in seawater over a long period (more than 2 years). A further step has been engaged with the development of graft copolymers containing biocompatible and hydrolyzable oligomers of -hydroxyacids. Their preparation requires the synthesis of -methacryloyloxyoligo--hydroxyacid macromonomers. Copolymers prepared from a mixture of the macromonomer and of an alkyl ester of acrylic acid were formulated with a biocide and deposited on a plate. Their ability to release cuprous oxide, as a model molecule, has been checked and quantified by the inductively coupled plasma analytical method. The uptake of water in the paint, which is enhanced by the hydrolysis of -hydroxyacid oligomers, as determined by the enzymatic measurement of liberated L-lactic acid, conducts to the polymer erosion and to a protecting bioactive surface.     

Mineralogical characteristics and transformations during long-term operation of a zerovalent iron reactive barrier

Design and operation of Fe0 permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) can be improved by understanding the long-term mineralogical transformations that occur within PRBs. Changes in mineral precipitates, cementation, and corrosion of Fe0 filings within an in situ pilot-scale PRB were examined after the first 30 months of operation and compared with results of a previous study of the PRB conducted 15 months earlier using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy employing energy dispersive X-ray and backscatter electron analyses. Iron (oxy)hydroxides, aragonite, and maghemite and/or magnetite occurred throughout the cores collected 30 mo after installation. Goethite, lepidocrocite, mackinawite, aragonite, calcite, and siderite were associated with oxidized and cemented areas, while green rusts were detected in more reduced zones. Basic differences from our last detailed investigation include (i) mackinawite crystallized from amorphous FeS, (ii) aragonite transformed into calcite, (iii) akaganeite transformed to goethite and lepidocrocite, (iv) iron (oxy)hydroxides and calcium and iron carbonate minerals increased, (v) cementation was greater in the more recent study, and (vi) oxidation, corrosion, and disintegration of Fe0 filings were greater, especially in cemented areas, in the more recent study. If the degree of corrosion and cementation that was observed from 15 to 30 mo after installation continues, certain portions of the PRB (i.e., up-gradient entrance of the ground water to the Fe0 section of the PRB) may last less than five more years, thus reducing the effectiveness of the PRB to mitigate contaminants.     

Influence of humic substances on the toxic effects of cadmium and zinc to the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

A method combining (1 h) algal photosynthesis inhibition tests and tangential-flow ultrafiltration (TFF) technique (cut-off 1 kDa) was used to determine the effect of humic substances (HS) on acute metal toxicity to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Three "standard" HS (soil and peat humic acids and Suwannee River fulvic acids) at two concentrations (1 and 5 mg/l) and two metals (Zn at 390 microg/l and Cd at 200 microg/l) were studied. Toxicity of Cd and Zn to P. subcapitata was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the presence of humic acids (HA) but not in the presence of Suwannee River fulvic acids (SRFA). Metal partitioning between colloidal (1 microm-1 kDa) and truly dissolved (<1 kDa) fractions was found to match a decrease of metal toxicity in the presence of HA, but not in the presence of SRFA. The results suggested that HA reduced Cd and Zn toxicity in two different ways: (1) HA decrease the amount of free metal ions. Metal-HA complexes are high molecular weight, relatively stable with regard to metal-exchange reactions and consequently the metals were less bioavailable. (2) HA adsorbed onto algal surfaces, shielded the cells from free Cd and Zn ions. Several possible explanations can be postulated to account for the observed SRFA results: (1) Cd- and Zn-SRFA complexes are thought to be labile (i.e. undergo rapid dissociation); (2) SRFA coagulated, presumably during equilibration, and that coagulation altered metal complexing behavior of SRFA; (3) FA has a lower ability to adsorb on cell membranes at pH>7.