蔗渣浆酶促漂白预处理对纤维形态性质和污染物发生的影响

采用Pulpzyme HC木聚糖酶对蔗渣纸浆进行酶促漂白处理。试验结果表明,酶处理的最佳纸浆浓度为5％,处理时间为60min．酶用量为1．0IU／g。酶处理后纸浆的得率下降不多．强度略有升高,但纸浆白度增加。试验结果还表明,酶处理对纸浆纤维不具有破坏性。对酶处理后纸浆的扫描电镜观察说明,随酶处理时间和酶用量的增加,蔗渣中木聚糖的溶出量加大。酶处理使木聚糖降解溶出,使木质素充分暴露出来,有利于后续漂白剂与之反应．同时可减少后续化学漂白剂的使用量,从而减少有毒氯化有机污染物的产生。随处理时间增长和酶用量增加,处理液中CODcr,和BOD5呈上升趋势。酶用量超过1．5IU／g后．BOD5增长较缓慢,表明酶的作用对纤维表面生物可降解成分的溶出较彻底。     

白腐菌J-6对五类化学结构染料的脱色性能

从白腐菌中筛出了一株能对五类不同化学结构的染料进行高效脱色的菌株——J-6。通过采用“批式”摇床培养法,测定染料脱色率,从而确定该菌株能高效脱色的最佳培养时间和连续处理染料的能力。发酵培养96h的菌体可使活性艳蓝R(A)SP在5h内脱色率达95％以上;活性翠蓝G、活性黑GRP、混合染料在9h内脱色率达90％以上;孔雀绿、Po1yR-478在24h内脱色率分别达95％、90％以上。另外,J-6对不同染料最佳脱色时间和最终脱色效率与菌体本身发酵培养的时间长短和染料的种类紧密相关。J6处理能力强,连续处理4次染料后仍保持较高的脱色率。     

除草剂苯噻草胺对水稻田土壤微生物种群的影响

以浙江大学华家池校区水稻土为材料,采用室内培养法,研究了不同浓度的外源除草剂苯噻草胺对水稻田土壤可培养微生物种群数量的影响.结果表明:土壤中各微生物类群对不同浓度的苯噻草胺具有各自不同的反应.苯噻草胺能刺激好氧细菌数量增加,但不利于真菌和放线菌的生长.低浓度苯噻草胺刺激水解发酵性细菌(AFB)、产氢产乙酸细菌(HPAB)和产甲烷细菌(MPB)数量的增加,但高浓度苯噻草胺却具有抑制性.在苯噻草胺施用第4周时可强烈刺激反硝化细菌(DNB)数量的增加.苯噻草胺也能刺激厌氧固氮菌(ANFB)数量增加,但这种刺激作用在第2周才出现,而且在培养后期消失.苯噻草胺的短期影响即急性毒性对土壤中可培养微生物的影响较小,比上一代除草剂丁草胺相对安全.图2表1参15     

Synergistic effect and degradation mechanism on Fe-Ni/CNTs for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fe-Ni bimetallic nanoparticles supported on CNTs (Fe-Ni/CNTs) were synthesized, characterized, and applied for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)...     

青霉素G钾在蔬菜地土壤中的降解动力学研究

为确定青霉素G钾(penicillin G potassium,PG)在土壤中的半衰期和降解动力学,选择灭菌与未灭菌、施肥与未施肥蔬菜地土壤作为基质,研究了PG在不同基质中的降解曲线,并拟合了降解动力学方程。结果表明,PG在蔬菜地土壤中的半衰期为1.61～1.67 d,最终降解率均达到99.7%以上,但PG不会完全降解,仍会以较低的水平(21～73μg·kg-1)在土壤中长期存在。降解动力学方程拟合结果表明,PG的初始浓度会对降解速率产生影响,初始浓度越高,降解速率越快。在灭菌与未灭菌土壤中降解曲线显示其降解过程受生物和非生物作用共同影响,但添加有机肥的降解过程和未添加组没有显著差异。由于PG在土壤中不能被完全降解,从而增加了诱导抗性基因产生及转移的风险。     

青鳉鱼的行为特征提取研究

采用生物行为传感器获取青鳉鱼的行为数据时,青鳉鱼个体差异会导致采集到的原始电信号在时空特性下完全不同。重要的行为特征往往被隐藏在原始信号中,传统的信号处理方法无法实时而有效地提取到这些特征。针对这个问题,观察并记录了暴露实验前后青鳉鱼的行为变化,提出了一种可以高效表征行为特征的直方图统计算法。实验结果表明,该方法能够准确对应人眼观测到的暴露实验前后鱼的行为变化趋势,同时也为后续异常行为识别提供一定的支持和参考。     

Nitrate removal to its fate in wetland mesocosm filled with sponge iron: Impact of influent COD/N ratio

• CW-Fe allowed a high-performance of NO₃^‒-N removal at the COD/N ratio of 0. • Higher COD/N resulted in lower chem-denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. • The application of s-Fe⁰ contributed to TIN removal in wetland mesocosm. • s-Fe⁰ changed the main denitrifiers in wetland mesocosm. Sponge iron (s-Fe⁰) is a porous metal with the potential to be an electron donor for denitrification. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using s-Fe⁰ as the substrate of wetland mesocosms. Here, wetland mesocosms with the addition of s-Fe⁰ particles (CW-Fe) and a blank control group (CW-CK) were established. The NO₃^‒-N reduction property and water quality parameters (pH, DO, and ORP) were examined at three COD/N ratios (0, 5, and 10). Results showed that the NO₃^‒-N removal efficiencies were significantly increased by 6.6 to 58.9% in the presence of s-Fe⁰. NH₄⁺-N was mainly produced by chemical denitrification, and approximately 50% of the NO₃^‒-N was reduced to NH₄⁺-N, at the COD/ratio of 0. An increase of the influent COD/N ratio resulted in lower chemical denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. Although chemical denitrification mediated by s-Fe⁰ led to an accumulation of NH₄⁺-N at COD/N ratios of 0 and 5, the TIN removal efficiencies increased by 4.5%‒12.4%. Moreover, the effluent pH, DO, and ORP values showed a significant negative correlation with total Fe and Fe (II) (P<0.01). High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that Trichococcus (77.2%) was the most abundant microorganism in the CW-Fe mesocosm, while Thauera, Zoogloea, and Herbaspirillum were the primary denitrifying bacteria. The denitrifiers, Simplicispira, Dechloromonas, and Denitratisoma, were the dominant bacteria for CW-CK. This study provides a valuable method and an improved understanding of NO₃^‒-N reduction characteristics of s-Fe⁰ in a wetland mesocosm.     

High overlap between traditional ecological knowledge and forest conservation found in the Bolivian Amazon

It has been suggested that traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) may play a key role in forest conservation. However, empirical studies assessing to what extent TEK is associated with forest conservation compared with other variables are rare. Furthermore, to our knowledge, the spatial overlap of TEK and forest conservation has not been evaluated at fine scales. In this paper, we address both issues through a case study with Tsimane’ Amerindians in the Bolivian Amazon. We sampled 624 households across 59 villages to estimate TEK and used remote sensing data to assess forest conservation. We ran statistical and spatial analyses to evaluate whether TEK was associated and spatially overlapped with forest conservation at the village level. We find that Tsimane’ TEK is significantly and positively associated with forest conservation although acculturation variables bear stronger and negative associations with forest conservation. We also find a very significant spatial overlap between levels of Tsimane’ TEK and forest conservation. We discuss the potential reasons underpinning our results, which provide insights that may be useful for informing policies in the realms of development, conservation, and climate. We posit that the protection of indigenous cultural systems is vital and urgent to create more effective policies in such realms.     

Effects of pre-oxidation and adsorption on haloacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane formation during subsequent chlorination

In this study, the effects of pre-oxidants permanganate (PM), persulfate (PS), hydrogen peroxide (PO), and ozone (OZ)) and/or adsorption on pseudoboemite-chitosan shell magnetic nanoparticles (ACMNs) on haloacetonitrile (HAN) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) formation from aspartic acid (Asp; positive charge) and/or histidine (His; negative charge) were compared. Asp and His apparently do not interact in aqueous solution during chlorination. Asp and/or His can undergo partially oxidation by PM, but are recalcitrant to direct oxidation by PS and PO. Pre-oxidation with OZ decreases the formation of HANs but increases the formation of TCNM. ACMN prefers to adsorb Asp over His in the competitive sorption of coexisting Asp and His because of attractive electrostatic interactions. The rank order for the effect of the pre-oxidants and ACMN adsorption on dichloroacetonitrile and trichloroacetonitrile formation is OZ and ACMN adsorption > PM and ACMN adsorption > PS and ACMN adsorption > PO and ACMN adsorption; that for the effect of the pre-oxidants and ACMN adsorption on TCNM formation is PM and ACMN adsorption > PS and ACMN adsorption > PO and ACMN adsorption > OZ and ACMN adsorption. The favored adsorption of Asp over His by ACMN is weakened by pre-oxidation.