博德的夏天

在曼哈顿那样的大都市，也许你5年也不会与在同一栋摩天大厦工作的人说上一句话。而在博德，抬头就能见到熟人，即使不认识，但打个招呼，问候一声却是常事。这里民风淳朴，邻里关系融洽，社区活动丰富，公益项目繁多，社会治安良好，路不拾遗，夜不闭户。很多人白天外出不锁门，并不是记忆力不好，而是已成了习惯。     

燃煤电厂氟污染规律研究

长期饮用高氟水或摄取高氟食物会引起氟中毒症，本文以燃用高氟煤物的淮北电厂为例，通过对电厂氟污染源及其周围大气，地表水，地下水，灰场土壤和灰场农作物的监测，分析了电厂的氟迁移转化规律，研究了电厂的氟污染源对周围环境的影响，并提出了综合治理电厂氟污染的对策。     

皂角苷络合洗脱污灌土壤中重金属的研究

选择白银污灌土样为供试样品,采用振荡离心法研究了生物表面活性剂皂角苷(saponin)在不同浓度、pH值和离子强度条件下对供试土样中重金属的解吸影响,并采用Tessier法对解吸前后土样中的重金属形态进行了测定.结果显示,随皂角苷浓度增加,重金属解吸率随之增加,在皂角苷浓度为3%时,Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn解吸率分别达到43.87%、95.11%、83.54%和20.34%,而水及合成表面活性剂单独冲洗对重金属解吸率最大不超过5%;并且发现随土壤pH值增加,重金属解吸率逐渐减小;离子强度对Pb、Zn影响不大,而Cu、Cd随离子强度增大解吸率减小.比较冲洗前后重金属形态的变化,发现Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn元素的可溶态、碳酸盐结合态减少均达50%以上,Pb残渣态也减少60%左右,并且重金属氧化物结合态和有机态含量也有减少.说明皂角苷与重金属形成稳定的可溶性络合物,大大降低了土壤对重金属的吸附,从而降低了土壤中重金属的毒性和生物可利用性,表明皂角苷对污灌土样中重金属具有较好的淋洗去除效果.     

Phosphine production in anaerobic wastewater treatment under tetracycline antibiotic pressure

The influence of tetracycline(TC) antibiotics on phosphine(PH_3) production in the anaerobic wastewater treatment was studied. A lab-scale anaerobic baffled reactor with three compartments was employed to simulate this process. The reactor was operated in a TC-absence wastewater and 250 μg/L TC-presence wastewater for three months after a start-up period,respectively. The responses of p H, oxidation–reduction potential(ORP), chemical oxygen demand(COD), total phosphorus(TP), enzymes activity(dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase),and microbial community were investigated to reveal the effect of TC on PH_3 production.Results suggested that the dehydrogenase(DH) activity, acid phosphatase(ACP) activity and COD have positive relationship with PH_3 production, while p H, ORP level and the TP in liquid phase have negative relationship with PH_3 production. With prolonged TC exposure, decrease in p H and increase in DH activity are beneficial to PH_3 production, while decrease in COD and ACP activity are not the limiting factors for PH_3 production.     

Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments

Cellulose acetate (CA) films with degree of substitution (d.s.) values of 1.7 and 2.5 were exposed to biologically active in-laboratory composting test vessels maintained at approximately 53 °C. The CA 1.7- and 2.5-d.s. films (thickness values of 0.5–1.0 and 2.0 mil, respectively) had completely disappeared by the end of 7- and 18-day exposure time periods in the biologically active bioreactors, respectively. The relatively small CA film weight loss observed in the poisoned control test vessels allows the conclusion that CA film erosion during the composting exposures resulted, at least in part, from biologically mediated processes. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, an active methanogenic inoculum was developed by acclimation of a sewage sludge to a synthetic municipal solid waste (SMSW) mixture at 42°C. The CA 1.7-d.s. film samples (0.5- to 1.0-mil thickness) were exposed in anaerobic serum bottles containing a 25% solids loading of SMSW in which methanogenic activity was rapidly established after introducing of the developed inoculum. For exposures of 30 days only small visually distinguishable fragments of the CA 1.7-d.s. films were recovered. In contrast, exposure of the CA 1.7-d.s. film to a poisoned control test vessel resulted in negligible weight loss. Therefore, degradation of the CA 1.7-d.s. films upon exposure to the anaerobic bioreactors was due, at least in part, to biologically mediated processes.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

一体化平板膜装置回收靛蓝染料的小试研究

文章采用自主研发的一体化平板膜靛蓝回收装置对印染废水进行了小试研究。此工艺采用投加H2O2氧化染液的方式析出靛蓝结晶并采用平板膜处理的方式不断浓缩靛蓝并将浓缩液回用于染色工段,保证了染料回用的效果。对装置中预处理单元,氧化单元,膜过滤单元等主．要参数进行了优化。研究结果表明．该装置氧化单元H2O2最佳投加量为15ml／L,最佳氧化pH=3;最佳过膜条件pH=4,连续曝气,开停比4：3;膜清洗采用水力冲洗后NaC10浸泡2h的方法,通量恢复近100％。在该最佳工况下,装置不仅能够高效回收靛蓝染料,回收效率达到99．5％,同时废水水质得到极大改善,SS平均去除93．9％,浊度下降100％,色度下降98．4％。     

铁岭市城市交通噪声测点优化的研究

通过在48条交通路段进行布点监测,监测数据采用模糊聚类分析的方法,优化出切合实际的铁岭市城市交通噪声的测点.     

粉煤灰基质滤料处理含锰废水的研究

通过静态吸附试验研究了粉煤灰基质滤料对废水中Mn2+的吸附性能,主要探讨了滤料投加量、吸附时间、原水浓度、振荡频率等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:随着投加量增加,Mn2+去除率提高,单位吸附量线性下降;随着吸附时间延长,Mn2+去除率提高,超过80 min后提高幅度变缓,吸附过程符合二级动力学模型;振荡频率的增大对吸附有一定的促进作用,但超过200 r/min后提高不明显。     

海上石油泄漏事故危害及其应急处理

系统地综述了海上石油泄漏的来源、危害、应急处理措施以及海上和海岸线石油污染的处理技术。目前海上石油泄漏处理技术仍以传统方法为主,因此,如何更加快速地制定和实施海上石油泄漏的应急处理对策,以及开发海上石油污染治理的新技术并进行推广应用,将是今后工作的重点。     

Growth response and toxic effects of three antibiotics on Selenastrum capricornutum evaluated by photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll biosynthesis

The effects of three types of antibiotics (erythromycin,ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) on the photosynthesis of freshwater algae,Selenastrum capricornutum Printz,were investigated by determining the growth rate,chloroplast pigments content,seven main precursors (including δ-aminolevulinic acid,porphobilinogen,uroporphyrinogen III,coproporphyrinogen III,protoporphyrin IX,Mg-proporphyrin IX and protochlorophyllide),and photosynthetic rate during chlorophyll biosynthesis.The antibiotics significantly decr...