甲烷氧化菌在填埋场覆盖层中的工程应用(Ⅱ):基质选择性及长效性

针对已筛选获得的甲烷氧化混合菌,选取填埋场覆盖土(LCS)、矿化垃圾(AR)和塘渣(TZ)3种填埋场周边易得的材料为供试生存基质,从基质选择性及长效性角度进行了甲烷减排应用条件的探究及使用效能评估.结果表明,在TZ、LCS、AR、TZ-AR和LCS-AR这5种生存基质中,TZ-AR最适合甲烷氧化混合菌的生长,且TZ与AR的复配比例以5∶5为最佳.甲烷氧化混合菌在TZ-AR的粒径≤4 mm和含水率为20%时具有最高甲烷氧化能力.一次性接种甲烷氧化混合菌在静态体系中的最佳使用有效期为31 d.其在接种量为0.08、0.16、0.20 m L·g-1和0.25m L·g-1时甲烷氧化速率无明显差异,从工程应用角度而言,8%的接种量为最佳.     

Enhanced bio-decolorization of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid by Sphingomonas xenophaga with nutrient amendment

Bacterial decolorization of anthraquinone dye intermediates is a slow process under aerobic conditions. To speed up the process, in the present study, effects of various nutrients on 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ABAS) decolorization by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that peptone, yeast extract and casamino acid amendments promoted ABAS bio-decolorization. In particular, the addition of peptone and casamino acids could improve the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Further experiments showed that L-proline had a more significant accelerating effect on ABAS decolorization compared with other amino acids. L-Proline not only supported cell growth, but also significantly increased the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Membrane proteins of strain QYY exhibited ABAS decolorization activities in the presence of L-proline or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while this behavior was not observed in the presence of other amino acids. Moreover, the positive correlation between L-proline concentration and the decolorization activity of membrane proteins was observed, indicating that L-proline plays an important role in ABAS decolorization. The above findings provide us not only a novel insight into bacterial ABAS decolorization, but also an L-proline-supplemented bioaugmentation strategy for enhancing ABAS bio-decolorization.     

基于CI指数的祁东县干旱特征分析

利用衡阳市祁东县气象站1960~2013年逐日平均气温、降水观测数据,计算综合气象干旱指数。以国家标准《气象干旱等级GB/T20481~2006》为依据划分不同干旱等级、计算干旱日数、干旱强度等,在此基础上统计干旱日的年、年代际统计并作了线性分析,并为应对干旱提出了自己的建议:祁东县干旱日每年均有出现,但不同强度干旱日发生频率不同,在全球变暖大背景下,干旱日等级越高,其增幅愈明显;祁东县的平均干旱过程数为2.5次/a,一年出现2次干旱过程几率最大,无旱过程的几率为9.3%;在统计年干旱强度时,选用持续时间最长的一次有较好代表性。近54a来,干旱强度年变化可分为三高两低,目前处于干旱强度较高期;祁东县大部分年份有季节性干旱,单季旱以秋旱为主,在双季干旱中,夏秋连旱居多,历史上夏秋冬连旱出现了三次;为了应对日趋严重的干旱,需增强人们的防旱抗灾意识、加大水利设置投入、推广节水农业和提高干旱监测预警能力。     

发生和未发生连作芦蒿枯萎病土壤的尖孢镰刀菌数量、产毒能力和致病力

尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病是芦蒿连作障碍主要病害.对芦蒿不同种植年限发病和未发病土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量、产毒素(镰刀菌酸)能力、致病力等开展研究.对采集的11份土壤样品分析结果显示:相较于不发病土壤,发病率≥40%的土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量显著增加;不发病和发病率≤25%的土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量没有显著差异(P>0.05).发病率为85%和40%的土壤尖孢镰刀菌高产毒素(镰刀菌酸产量>500μg L-1)的菌株比例显著(P<0.05)高于发病率为11%和不发病土壤.致病力测定显示发病率为85%和40%土壤中高致病力菌株比例显著(P<0.05)高于发病率为11%的土壤和不发病土壤,不致病菌株比例显著(P<0.05)低于发病率为11%的土壤和不发病土壤.土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量与连作年限没有显著相关性(P>0.05).发病土壤中,发病率、尖孢镰刀菌高产毒素菌株比例和高致病力菌株(病情指数>2)比例与连作年限显著(P<0.05)相关;未发病土壤中,尖孢镰刀菌高产毒素菌株比例和高致病力菌株比例与连作年限没有显著相关性(P>0.05).随着连作芦蒿发病率的增加,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌菌株数量、高产毒素菌株比例、致病菌株比例均显著增加(P<0.05),未发病连作土壤尖孢镰刀菌菌株数量、高产毒素菌株比例、致病菌株比例均没有显著变化.本研究结果可为连作芦蒿枯萎病发病机理的研究及其防治提供理论基础.     

燃料特性对铁矿石烧结及烟气排放的影响

采用烧结杯试验,从固体燃烧角度出发,探究燃料结构和粒度对燃烧前锋温度及烧结气氛变化的影响。结果表明:随着燃料中煤粉比例逐渐提高(0~100%),烧结速度提高至4.32 mm/min,利用系数提高至0.13 t/(m2·h);转鼓强度先上升后下降,当煤粉比例为25%时,转鼓指数达到最高(58.4%);烟气中NO_x浓度与CO成分分别提高28.34 mg/m3和0.72%,CO能促进NO的还原反应,抑制NO_x生成。全煤条件下,随着煤粉粒径<1 mm的质量分数由50%降低到10%,烟气中NO_x降低了51.33 mg/m3,提高燃料粒度可降低烟气NO_x排放浓度;而延长烧结时间,NO_x总排放量上升。研究结果可为烧结燃料选择及烟气减排提供参考。     

Chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 in Luoyang after the clean air actions

Luoyang is a typical heavy industrial city in China, with a coal-dominated energy structure and serious air pollution. Following the implementation of the clean air actions, the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 have changed. A comprehensive study of PM_2.5 was conducted from October 16, 2019 to January 23, 2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of previous control measures and further to provide theory basis for more effective policies in the future. Results showed that the aerosol pollution in Luoyang in autumn and winter is still serious with the average concentration of 91.1 μg/m³, although a large reduction (46.9%) since 2014. With the contribution of nitrate increased from 12.5% to 25.1% and sulfate decreased from 16.7% to 11.2%, aerosol pollution has changed from sulfate-dominate to nitrate-dominate. High NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio and the increasing of NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio with the aggravation of pollution indicating vehicle exhaust playing an increasingly important role in PM_2.5 pollution in Luoyang, especially in the haze processes. Secondary inorganic ions contributed significantly to the enhancement of PM_2.5 during the pollution period. The high value of Cl⁻/Na⁺ and EC concentration indicate coal combustion in Luoyang is still serious. The top three contributor sources were secondary inorganic aerosols (33.3%), coal combustion (13.6%), and industrial emissions (13.4%). Close-range transport from the western and northeastern directions were more important factors in air pollution in Luoyang during the sampling period. It is necessary to strengthen the control of coal combustion and reduce vehicle emissions in future policies.     

汶川地震映秀镇地质条件与地表破裂特征调查

2008年5月12日14时28分04秒,四川省汶川县发生了MS 8.0地震.根据地震部门测定,本次地震是从映秀开始破裂,震中位于四川汶川县映秀镇附近(北纬31.015°,东经103.365°).在中国地震局组织的汶川地震科学考察成果基础上,本文分析了映秀地质条件:主要发育的地层为二叠系的石英闪长岩,震旦系的砂岩;通过研究区的主要构造为龙门山中央断裂-映秀-北川断裂;主要的地貌类型为河流地貌.调查了研究区的地表破裂特征,根据研究区的地貌类型将其划分为A、B、C三段,A段为河床沉积地貌,垂直断距最大;B段为丘陵地貌,断距中等,但诱发崩塌地质灾害;C段为河流边滩地貌,断距较小,但震害严重.     

京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网的建设与应用

京津冀及周边地区大气染污综合立体观测网针对的是大气重污染发生-演变-消散全过程的核心科学问题,通过制定适用于京津冀及周边地区的大气污染综合观测技术规范,建立了区域大气污染综合立体观测网,开展了近地面及大气边界层气象和大气化学过程的同步观测,构建了监测数据综合分析及共享应用平台,实现了大气环境多源数据综合管理业务化,为大气重污染成因研究提供精准数据集,提升了京津冀秋冬季重污染成因机制研究和精细化源解析的能力,推动了京津冀及周边地区空气质量的持续改善.京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网开展了传输通道的加密观测,增加了背景站和手工采样点观测,建立了包括黑碳、氨和重金属等多要素的关键站点,并充分利用了服务于科学研究的超级站和垂直梯度观测技术.京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网和数据平台的建立,实现了业务部门与科研部门数据的有效融合与综合管理业务化,具有效率高、代表性好、目的性强的特点,能够很好地应对决策部门不断提高的管理需求.观测网络和平台充分吸取了国外的先进技术和观测经验,保证了观测网长期稳定运行;通过综合环境空气质量监测预警和发布平台,为环境空气质量监测和污染成因综合研究提供技术支撑,最终为实现我国空气质量的全面改善奠定了坚实的基础.