长江中、上游水质变化趋势与环境酸化关系初探

根据我国水利部水年鉴和全球水质监测计划中国站点的水化学资料，对长江中游干流主要水站和四川与贵州省境内长江主要支流下游的水站自６０年代初至８０年代中期（个别站点至９０年代中期）的主要离子含量资料进行了统计分析，发现这些站点在主要离子含量变化趋势方面存在着共同的特点，即：碱度有所降低，钙离子和硫酸根离子含量有所升高，相应地，总梗度与总碱度的比值也有所升高，将这一现象产生的原因与我国西南地区酸雨对     

磷(P)在天然沉积物-水界面上的吸附

考虑到已吸附在沉积物上的那部分可交换态P,从经典的Langmuir吸附等温线模型出发,推导出适合描述P在已有P污染的沉积物上吸附定量数学模型,并用此模型对P在6个太湖沉积物样品上吸附实验数据进行了拟合．拟合结果得到最大吸附容量(Γmax),Langmuir吸附平衡常数(k)．利用所得的拟合参数通过公式计算方法得到原有易交换态P(NAP),临界磷平衡浓度(Cmp),以及固-液分配系数Kp值．最后通过线性回归数据分析方法发现分配系数Kp,吸附容量Γmax都与沉积物中活性态Fe和Al含量呈良好的线性关系,表明太湖沉积物中活性Fe和Al是对P持留的主要作用．     

DGGE技术及其在环境微生物中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)具有可靠性强、重复性好、方便快捷等优点,已被广泛应用于环境科学和污染防治研究领域。介绍了变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)的基本原理和技术路线,重点介绍和讨论了DGGE技术在废水生物处理、废气生物处理和固废生物处理中的应用现状,并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

广东近海水域重金属含量及其分布规律的研究

广东近海水域重金属含量由陆向海方向,随海水盐度、pH值升高及化学耗氧量降低而降低。重金属与环境要素相关的密切程度不仅取决于它们在水体中的迁移形态和化学性质,而且还受到环境理化要素变化的制约。各种重金属元素与水体中有机物的相关程度顺序为:Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Hg>As。对影响海水重金属含量及其变化规律的几个主要外界影响因素进行了讨论。     

Optimized pre-treatment of high strength food waste digestate by high content aluminum-nanocluster based magnetic coagulation

Coagulation-based pre-treatment efficiency of high strength digestate of food waste (HSDFW) anaerobic digestion is negated by organic ligand-catalyzed decomposition of coagulants. In this study, an efficient HSDFW pre-treatment method, magnetic seeds (MS) coagulation, was employed by using highly stable Keggin Al₃₀ nanocluster (PAC₃₀), MS and polyacrylamide (PAM), and its operation was optimized by evaluating the performance of removing turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorous (TP) phosphate. Results showed that at the optimum dosage of 4.82 g/L, PAC₃₀ demonstrated excellent removals as high as 98.93% ± 0.1% of turbidity, 98.04% ± 0.1% of TSS, 58.28% ± 0.3% of total COD, 99.98% ± 0.01% of TP and 99.50% ± 0.01% of dissolved phosphate, respectively. Apparent molecular weight (AMW) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy analyses demonstrated more efficient removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM), particularly non-biodegradable and hydrophobic components by PAC₃₀ than commercial coagulant. The sedimentation was much improved from 40 min by coagulation/flocculation to about 5 min settling by MS coagulation. The PAC₃₀ based magnetic coagulation (MC) presents theoretical guidance on a cost-effective and much less footprint pre-treatment alternative for high strength wastewater.     

地震动频谱特性对罐液体系地震响应的影响分析

基于拉格朗日方法建立考虑流固耦合效应的位移格式的运动方程,运用ANSYS建立立式拱顶储罐的三维有限元模型,分别选取短周期成分丰富(S1)、普通地震波(S2)和长周期成分丰富(S3)的三条天然地震波,分析了地震波频谱特性对液体晃动、罐底剪力、弯矩以及罐壁响应等结果的影响。研究表明,罐液体系自振频率存在两个明显频段,即液体晃动低频率段(长周期)和罐液耦联振动高频率段(短周期)。罐液体系的动力响应对地震波频谱特性的影响较为敏感。S3地震波卓越周期最接近罐液晃动周期,引起液面大幅度晃动,较其他增长4倍。罐液耦联振动对轴向应力响应影响最大,S1地震波卓越周期最接近罐液耦联振动周期,其引起罐底轴向压应力超过规范许用应力,出现明显"象足"屈曲变形。罐底剪力和弯矩受耦联振动影响最大,而液体晃动对其影响较小,地震激励仅引起液体表面少量单元产生对流运动。     

放射性核素水环境质量标准研究进展

地球环境中广泛存在的放射性核素对人类和其他物种产生辐射安全风险,成为水环境质量的重要指标之一。随着人类生活水平和环境保护意识的提升,以及核与辐射安全复杂的国际形势,放射性核素水环境质量标准的关注度越来越高。饮用水水质标准中的放射性核素限值基于个人辐射剂量标准,评估方法已经建立,并在世界卫生组织、美国、加拿大和日本等国际组织和国家的饮用水水质标准中得到广泛应用。水环境质量标准中的放射性核素限值基于辐射环境、参考生物、个体单位时间内的辐射剂量限值,对此各国际组织和国家相继开展了放射性核素的生态风险评价研究,并逐步制定相关标准。与国际水平相比,我国水环境质量标准存在放射性核素指标数量少、修订频率滞后、科学适用性有待提升等问题。在我国核能发展与生态文明建设的新形势下,加强放射性核素的健康风险和生态风险评价研究,建立健全水环境质量标准中放射性核素指标体系成为我国水环境研究的紧迫任务。     

东北地区旱地土壤有机碳密度的主控自然因素研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)库在陆地生态系统中具有重要作用.基于全国第二次土壤普查获得的1022个东北地区旱地土壤剖面数据,采用方差分析和回归分析方法分析了年均温、年均降水量、成土母质、土壤质地和pH值对旱地SOC密度的影响.结果表明,各因子对东北地区旱地SOC密度在表层和剖面均有显著影响.在5个自然因子中,对SOC密度变异程度的独立解释能力最大的在表层为气温,达32%,剖面为土壤质地,为28.7%.5个自然因子的综合作用分别能解释旱地表层和剖面SOC密度变异的51.2%和50.2%.其中,气温和土壤质地是影响东北地区旱地SOC密度的主要自然因子.因此,合理利用自然条件有利于该区旱地SOC的积累.     

Global perspectives and future research directions for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil: A knowledge mapping analysis from 2001 to 2020

• The overall global perspective of the PHMCS field was obtained. • PHMCS research has flourished over the past two decades. • In total, 8 clusters were obtained, and many new hot topics emerged. • “Biochar,” “Drought,” “Nanoparticle,” etc., may be future hot topics. • Five future directions are proposed. In total, 9,552 documents were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection and subjected to knowledge mapping and visualization analysis for the field of phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soil (PHMCS) with CiteSpace 5.7 R3 software. The results showed that (1) the number of publications increased linearly over the studied period. The top 10 countries/regions, institutions and authors contributing to this field were exhibited. (2) Keyword co-occurrence cluster analysis revealed a total of 8 clusters, including “Bioremediation,” “Arsenic,” “Biochar,” “Oxidative stress,” “Hyperaccumulation,” “EDTA,” “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,” and “Environmental pollution” clusters (3) In total, 334 keyword bursts were obtained, and the 25 strongest, longest duration, and newest keyboard bursts were analyzed in depth. The strongest keyword burst test showed that the hottest keywords could be divided into 7 groups, i.e., “Plant bioremediation materials,” “HM types,” “Chelating amendments,” “Other improved strategies,” “Bioremediation characteristics,” “Risk assessment,” and “Other.” Almost half of the newest topics had emerged in the past 3 years, including “biochar,” “drought,” “health risk assessment,” “electrokinetic remediation,” “nanoparticle,” and “intercropping.” (4) In total, 9 knowledge base clusters were obtained in this study. The studies of Ali et al. (2013), Blaylock et al. (1997), Huang et al. (1997), van der Ent et al. (2013), Salt et al. (1995), and Salt (1998), which had both high frequencies and the strongest burst scores, have had the most profound effects on PHMCS research. Finally, future research directions were proposed.     

废铅酸蓄电池铅膏柠檬酸浸出动力学研究

通过研究废铅酸蓄电池铅膏柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠浸出过程中PbSO4转化率随时间变化,考查了物料粒度、搅拌速度和浸出温度对转化率的影响,建立了反应的动力学方程,并计算了浸出反应表观活化能。结果表明,减小物料粒度、提高浸出温度和适当提高搅拌速度,均可提高硫酸铅转化率。浸出反应表观活化能为67.82 kJ/mol,浸出反应受化学反应步骤控制。