汶川地震北川县城地表断层破裂特征

2008年5月12日四川省汶川8.0级地震是由于青藏高原的挤压应力在龙门山断裂集中释放.北川位于龙门山断裂的北段,野外考察结果表明,在主断裂方向北川县城可观测到两条断裂,并且产生了明显的地表破裂,走向均为北东30°～50°,主断裂方向地表破裂约10 km,具有明显挤压逆断层特征,上盘以60°～80°高角度向北东逆冲,断层垂直位移量3～4m,水平位移量0～2 m.主断裂的地表破裂集中位于两个地层的不整合面上,上盘为寒武系细砂岩、砂页岩,下盘为泥盆系白云岩、白云质灰岩.另外在北川县城北部发现次级断裂一条,走向北西30°,地表破裂长度约4 km,表现为正断层特征.这些破裂都直接或间接受地下深部构造的控制.     

城市环境质量的竞争性评价模型

城市化进程推动了经济的快速发展但也给城市环境质量带来了严重的挑战。为了推动城市环境保护工作,每年全国各地都对城市环境综合整治进行定量考核。首先分析了现有环境综合整治考核办法的不足,阐述建立竞争性评价模型的必要性。竞争性评价模型在指标集的取值范围内选取最优值建立一个虚拟最优城市,以虚拟最优城市为参照,引入优越指数概念,得出待评价城市的优越指数值,然后进行排序和评价。根据该模型对2004年全国18个计划单列市和重点城市的环境质量进行了综合评价,得到了合适的结果;最后总结了模型的特点及以后改进的方向。     

Tolerance and biosorption of copper （Cu） and lead （Pb） by filamentous fungi isolated from a freshwater ecosystem

Filamentous fungi are able to accumulate significant amount of metals from their environment. The potential of fungal biomass as agents for biosorption of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is currently receiving attention. In the present study, a total of 41 isolates of filamentous fungi obtained from the sediment of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were screened for their tolerance and uptake capability of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P. janthinellum. A. niger and P. simplicissimum, were able to survive at 1000 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while for Pb, only A. niger survived at 5000 mg/L concentration. The results showed that A. niger, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum have a better uptake capacity for Pb compared to Cu and the findings indicated promising biosorption of Cu and Pb by these filamentous fungi from aqueous solution. The present study was also determined the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) that was performed by A. niger. The metal removal which occurred at Cu(II) 200 mg/L was (20.910 0.581) mg/g and at 250 mg/L of Pb(II) was (54.046 0.328) mg/g.     

北京市通州区秋季典型工地出口道路尘负荷排放特征

为研究不同类型工地以及搅拌站和消纳场出口道路尘负荷变化特征,于2020年秋季对北京市通州区主要施工工地(场站)出口道路及137条常规道路(指未受工地影响的公共道路,包括城市道路和公路)进行道路尘负荷监测.根据AP-42模型计算分析典型工地(场站)出口道路扬尘排放因子和排放量.结果表明:2020年秋季北京市通州区不同类型...     

低温热解技术修复不同类型汞污染土壤中甲基汞变化的研究

低温热解技术是修复汞污染土壤的有效方法之一,对高浓度汞污染土壤除汞效率可达90%以上,但对甲基汞(MeHg)的去除效果目前还缺少研究。本研究以化工汞污染和汞矿污染类型土壤为研究对象,研究低温热解修复前后土壤性质、总汞(THg)、汞的形态分布和MeHg等的变化及其影响情况。研究表明,化工污染区和汞矿污染区土壤MeHg去除率分别在99. 65%和90. 96%左右,THg去除率分别在94. 35%和95. 40%左右;高浓度汞污染土壤中汞的形态分布以残渣态汞和有机结合态汞为主,经低温热解修复后化工污染区和汞矿污染区土壤中有机结合态汞分别降低96. 62%和92. 05%,残渣态汞分别降低93. 08%和96. 79%;有机质含量高的稻田土壤具有较强的汞甲基化能力,其土壤MeHg含量化工污染区(56. 47±2. 65μg/kg)>汞矿污染区(3. 98±0. 42μg/kg)。     

Predicting heavy metals' adsorption edges and adsorption isotherms on MnO2 with the parameters determined from Langmuir kinetics

Although surface complexation models have been widely used to describe the adsorption of heavy metals, few studies have verified the feasibility of modeling the adsorption kinetics, edge, and isotherm data with one pH-independent parameter. A close inspection of the derivation process of Langmuir isothermrevealed that the equilibriumconstant derived from the Langmuir kinetic model, K_S-kinetic, is theoretically equivalent to the adsorption constant in Langmuir isotherm, K_S-Langmuir. The modified Langmuir kinetic model (MLK model) and modified Langmuir isothermmodel (MLImodel) incorporating pH factor were developed. The MLKmodel was employed to simulate the adsorption kinetics of Cu(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) on MnO₂ at pH 3.2 or 3.3 to get the values of K_S-kinetic. The adsorption edges of heavy metals could be modeled with the modified metal partitioning model (MMP model), and the values of K_S-Langmuirwere obtained. The values of K_S-kinetic and K_S-Langmuir are very close to each other, validating that the constants obtained by these two methods are basically the same. The MMP model with K_S-kinetic constants could predict the adsorption edges of heavy metals on MnO₂ very well at different adsorbent/adsorbate concentrations. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms of heavy metals on MnO₂ at various pH levels could be predicted reasonably well by the MLI model with the K_S-kinetic constants.     

Design of polymeric carbon nitride-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic water splitting: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Developing high-efficiency and stable photocatalysts able to accomplish spontaneous overall water splitting, without using sacrificial agents, is the ultimate goal...     

Comparative understanding of metal hyperaccumulation in plants: a mini-review

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Hyperaccumulator plants are ideal models for investigating the regulatory mechanisms of plant metal homeostasis and environmental adaptation due to their...     

纳米银对蒙古黄芪种子和幼苗的毒性研究与数据挖掘分析

探讨纳米银(AgNPs)对蒙古黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并基于文献数据讨论AgNPs对单一物种的影响是否与数据挖掘趋势相符合.蒙古黄芪种子置于9个不同浓度的AgNPs溶液中,每日观察并记录种子萌发情况.观察结束后进行萌发和生长指标测定,并基于实验结果和文献数据进行比较分析.结果 表明,随着AgNPs浓度升高,蒙古黄芪最终发芽率受到抑制,高浓度时显著降低(P＜0.05);浓度为600 mg·L-1和1000 mg·L-1时平均发芽时间显著高于其他处理组(P＜0.05);浓度升高到400～1000mg·L-1时,胚根长、子叶长和子叶宽受到抑制,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);胚轴的长度未受到AgNPs浓度变化的影响;叶绿素和氮含量在AgNPs浓度为200 mg·L-1时开始显著降低(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,各浓度处理组(除20 mg·L-1外)的鲜质量与干质量均显著减少(P＜0.05);幼苗地上部分和地下部分抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化趋势基本一致.通过计算抑制率表明,600 mg·L-1和1000 mg·L-1的AgNPs对蒙古黄芪具有毒害作用.总的来说,实验结果部分符合数据挖掘模型趋势.比较几种分析模型发现,隶属函数法分析和主成分分析结果一致,meta分析比冗余分析更适用于单一物种趋势的预测.AgNPs抑制蒙古黄芪种子萌发,低浓度AgNPs对幼苗影响不明显,高浓度严重抑制幼苗生长.     

柴油车尾气亚慢性暴露致小鼠肺部炎症反应、氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的作用研究

柴油车尾气暴露对动物呼吸系统和其他器官造成损害,其长期或短期暴露的健康风险受到关注,然而柴油车尾气长期暴露引起的生物毒性机制仍不清楚.本研究通过自制暴露箱模拟柴油车尾气环境,研究了每日不同暴露时间条件下(0.5、1和2 h),长期暴露(95 d)对雄性小鼠肺组织炎症反应、氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的作用,探讨长期暴露于柴油车尾气对成年雄性小鼠肺组织损伤的生物毒性及机制,评估柴油车尾气的毒性效应.结果表明:(1)亚慢性暴露箱内柴油车尾气PM2.5中,有机碳(OC)浓度最高,占所测PM2.5总化学物质浓度的51.95％;其次是元素碳(EC),占45.78％;再次是阴离子和阳离子,分别占1.29％和0.95％;暴露箱内NO2浓度为3.705 mg·m-3,CO浓度为104.087 mg·m-3,均超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095—2012)的标准.(2)组织病理观察结果表明,3个柴油暴露组肺充血均比对照组严重,大量淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞浸润,肺泡间质增生明显,损伤程度随时间呈梯度加重.(3)TUNEL染色实验结果显示,1 h柴油暴露组的细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组和0.5 h柴油暴露组.(4)与对照组相比,1 h柴油暴露组和2 h柴油暴露组的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)均显著升高,说明柴油车尾气亚慢性暴露引起小鼠肺部炎症损伤;1 h柴油暴露组和2 h柴油暴露组的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性、2 h柴油暴露组的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均显著下降,说明柴油车尾气亚慢性暴露可引起小鼠肺组织氧化应激.(5)与对照组相比,3个柴油暴露组的Bax和Bcl-2的表达水平及Bcl-2/Bax指数虽然无显著性差异,但柴油暴露组Bax和Bcl-2表达及Bcl-2/Bax指数均异常.这说明,柴油车尾气亚慢性暴露会导致小鼠肺组织病理损伤,且损伤程度随着暴露时间的增加而增加;导致细胞凋亡率升高,且存在时间效应.进一步探讨机制发现,柴油车尾气亚慢性暴露会导致小鼠肺组织LDH活性显著异常,T-AOC、GSH-Px的活性显著降低,造成细胞凋亡,引起凋亡蛋白Bax和Bcl-2表达水平出现异常;化学成分分析表明,这可能与柴油车尾气中高浓度NO2、CO和多环芳烃(PAHs)等有毒气体及其细颗粒物中高浓度的OC、EC等污染物的作用有关.