Structure and function of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial community respond differently to elevated ozone in field-planted wheat

To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone (O₃), wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum Linn.) were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O₃ (eO₃) concentration. Three treatments were employed: (1) Control treatment (CK), AOT40 = 0; (2) O₃-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm•h; (3) O₃-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm•h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs), and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). EO₃ concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil. The results of the PLFAs showed that eO₃ concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that eO₃ concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O₃ exposure.     

自然保护区生态补偿体系研究

自然保护区生态补偿对于增加自然保护区保护投入、平衡围绕自然保护区生态保护的利益关系具有重要意义。本文基于对自然保护区核心利益相关者的关切与诉求的分析,探讨自然保护区生态补偿的框架。提出自然保护区生态补偿可分为抑损性生态补偿与增益性生态补偿两种类型,具体包括五个方面的补偿内容,即开发利用者对自然保护区自然资源开发的补偿、消费者对自然保护区自然资源利用的补偿、自然保护区内原住民损失补偿、环保机构与个人付出的保护努力与成本的补偿,以及自然保护区生态效益补偿。补偿方式与途径应根据不同的补偿内容与补偿的主客体进行选择。在国家与政府主导的基础上,促进多元化的补偿方式,加强各方利益相关者的参与。     

Identification and characterization of Fe3O4/peroxodisulfate advanced oxidation products from sulfameter

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the most widely used antibiotics and their residuals in the environment could cause some negative environmental issues. Advanced oxidation such as Fenton-like reaction has been widely applied in the treatment of SAs polluted water. Degradation rates of 95%-99.7% were achieved in this work for the tested 8 SAs, including sulfisomidine, sulfameter (SME), phthalylsulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfisoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, and sulfadimethoxine, in the Fe₃O₄/peroxodisulfate (PDS) oxidation system after the optimization of PDS concentration and pH. Meanwhile, it was found that a lot of unknown oxidation products were formed, which brought up the uncertainty of health risks to the environment, and the identification of these unknown products was critical. Therefore, SME was selected as the model compound, from which the oxidation products were never elucidated, to identify these intermediates/products. With liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), 10 new products were identified, in which 2-amino-5-methoxypyrimidine (AMP) was confirmed by its standard. The investigation of the oxidation process of SME indicated that most of the products were not stable and the degradation pathways were very complicated as multiple reactions, such as oxidation of the amino group, SO₂ extrusion, and potential cross-reaction occurred simultaneously. Though most of the products were not verified due to the lack of standards, our results could be helpful in the evaluation of the treatment performance of SAs containing wastewater.     

基于遥感的SDG 15.1.2生物多样性指标计算与分析:以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例

生物多样性评价为生物多样性保护提供重要的参考价值,联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)中15.1.2指标对此提出了具体要求. 本研究借助遥感技术,以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区(简称“示范区”)为研究区,选取物种多样性层次、生态系统多样性层次和景观多样性层次的7个指标(生境质量指数、增强型植被指数、水网密度指数、生境面积百分比、辛普森多样性指数、景观分离度指数、蔓延度指数)构建生物多样性评价指标体系,实现了对研究区生物多样性的量化计算及生物多样性评估. 结果表明:①研究区生物多样性指数平均值为0.42,生物多样性高等级区域面积为526.65 km2,占研究区陆地面积的27.38%;研究区共28个乡镇,其中生物多样性高等级区域占乡镇陆地面积比例大于50%的乡镇有两个,分别是青浦区的华新镇和香花桥街道. ②探究了土地利用方式和城市不透水面占比对生物多样性的影响,生物多样性受人类活动干扰较为严重,不透水面占比与高等级生物多样性占比呈负相关,在植被稀少的城市和工业区域生物多样性等级较低. 研究显示,SDG 15.1.2指标区域得分为27.38分,距离实现2030年生物多样性可持续目标还面临一定的挑战;同时,该研究旨在构建县级区域生物多样性现状的评价指标体系,从而为SDGs指标本地化提供理论参考.      

中国农业可持续发展的策略措施

中国农业经历了多种策略阶段,可持续发展策略是新近出现的最先进、最适合现在和将来农业发展的策略。新策略带有系统性原理,其实质是发展与生态环境保护协调的农业。因此,可持续发展措施应同时重视解决农业经济发展与生态环境保护两方面的问题。据此,本文提出了六项措施。     

北江中上游地表水和沉积物中PAHs和PCBs污染特征和风险评估

采用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定了北江中上游流域地表水和沉积物样品中多环芳烃（PAHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）类污染物的含量,分析了PAHs和PCBs的污染水平和空间分布,并评估了污染物的健康风险和生态风险.结果表明,16种PAHs单体在所有水样和沉积物样品中均被检出,检出范围分别为41.82~443.04 ng·L^-1和59.58~635.73 ng·g^-1,北江中上游PAHs的污染水平为中、轻度.水中PAHs以二环芳烃和三环芳烃为主,沉积物中以三环芳烃和四环芳烃为主.在水样中检出了17种PCBs,浓度范围0.81~287.50 ng·L^-1,以六氯联苯和七氯联苯为主;沉积物中检出了8种PCBs,含量范围0.13~3.96 ng·g^-1,以五氯联苯和七氯联苯为主.整个调查区域内地表水中PAHs和PCBs的终生致癌风险指数小于10^-4,处于中、低水平;非致癌风险指数均小于1,不存在非致癌风险.采用风险商值（RQ）法对地表水中污染物进行生态风险评价,研究区域内地表水中PAHs和PCBs生态风险总体处于中低风险水平,个别点位存在重度风险的污染物单体,值得引起重视.采用沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）对沉积物中污染物进行生态风险评估,沉积物中PAHs和PCBs均处于较低的生态风险水平.     

基于线切割 3B编程CAI软件的探讨

利用VB语言作为编程工具,探讨了开发线切割3B格式自动编程软件的过程.通过该软件,可以直观显示线切割加工的轨迹图及其3B程序.     

工业废渣在新型干法水泥生产中应用

依据废渣特性的理论分析,通过对废渣成分以及采用废渣配料前后生料、熟料的成分分析及性能测试,调整生料配比和改变水泥窑操作工艺,通过生产实践数据分析,说明了利用钢渣和粉煤灰作为铁质和铝质校正材料生产普通硅酸盐水泥熟料,不仅可以提高水泥熟料产量和质量,而且可以有效地降低熟料生产成本和产品综合能耗。促进了企业节能减排和资源综合利用的可持续发展。     

长株潭地区人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的长株潭地区各类人为源氨排放的活动水平数据和排放系数,建立了长株潭地区2013年人为源氨排放清单,并根据空间特征数据进行了3 km×3km的空间网格分配.结果表明,长株潭地区2013年人为源氨排放总量为7.27×10~4t,排放强度为2.59 t·km~(-2);其中,畜禽养殖业和农田生态系统为最主要的氨排放源,氨排放分担率分别达58.60%和29.73%;畜禽养殖业中,肉牛、蛋鸡和肉猪是主要贡献源,分别占畜禽养殖业氨排放总量的26.26%、21.40%和18.43%;宁乡县、湘潭县和浏阳市为氨排放量较大的县市,分别占长株潭地区氨排放总量的17.49%、12.82%和12.02%;石峰区和岳塘区的氨排放强度最大,分别达到了9.14 t·km~(-2)和5.01 t·km~(-2).空间分布特征显示排放量较大的网格主要是大型点源.