兰州市叶面尘磁性与黑碳特征对大气污染的响应

通过采集兰州市不同功能区小叶黄杨和刺柏叶片样品,对叶片表面滞尘量、叶表颗粒物磁性特征和黑碳（EC）浓度进行系统分析,探究其对周围大气污染的响应.结果显示,小叶黄杨和刺柏叶表颗粒物磁性特征以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,磁晶体粒径以假单畴（PSD）颗粒为主.交通区小叶黄杨和刺柏饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）（489.40×10^-6A,290.73×10^-5A·m²/kg）显著高于公园（99.56×10^-6A,74.00×10^-5A·m²/kg）和生活区（61.91×10^-6A,209.79×10^-5A·m²/kg）,表明SIRM明显受到周围环境中污染物浓度的影响.小叶黄杨和刺柏叶表颗粒物亚铁磁性矿物浓度与黑碳浓度的高值分布区域在空间上具有一致性,并且二者高度相关（r=0.94,0.94;P<0.0001）,表明二者来源具有一致性.同时,不同采样高度不同树种叶片磁性对叶表颗粒物中黑碳浓度均有稳定的指示性,进一步表明叶表颗粒物SIRM可以作为指示叶表颗粒物黑碳污染的重要磁学参数.以城市绿化植物叶片为载体的环境磁学研究可实现颗粒物污染高空间分辨率的环境友好型监测.     

海洋沉积物中一株铁还原细菌ZQ21异化还原Fe(Ⅲ)性质分析

取渤海沉积物进行厌氧培养,富集异化铁还原细菌。采用三层平板法筛选出一株高效异化铁还原细菌ZQ21。经鉴定,该菌株为Enterococcus sp.ZQ21（GenBank号MF192756）。设置不同电子供体、电子受体和电子传递体浓度,分析菌株ZQ21异化还原Fe（Ⅲ）性质。结果表明,在乙二胺四乙酸二钠、柠檬酸钠、葡萄糖、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠和甲酸钠为电子供体时,菌株ZQ21利用丙酮酸钠还原Fe（Ⅲ）效率最高,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度达到113.14 ±3.46 mg/L。菌株ZQ21以柠檬酸铁和氢氧化铁为电子受体时,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度分别为91.75 ±1.45 mg/L和58.39 ±4.34 mg/L,Fe（Ⅲ）还原效率存在显著差异。在电子受体为氢氧化铁时,添加不同浓度电子传递体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠（AQS）,旨在提高菌株ZQ21的Fe（Ⅲ）还原效率。当AQS浓度为1.50 mmol/L时,菌株ZQ21还原Fe（Ⅲ）效率最高,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度达到80.28 ±3.95 mg/L,比对照组提高27%。铁还原细菌ZQ21能够有效利用可溶性以及不溶性电子受体进行异化铁还原,可进一步应用于海洋污染环境中微生物介导的异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程。     

渭河沉积物的磁学特征及其对降雨量的响应

沉积物中的磁性矿物对气候环境变化敏感响应。渭河WH1617剖面沉积物进行全面系统的磁性特征分析表明,沉积物中的磁性矿物含量相对较低,主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,同时含有赤铁矿,磁晶粒以多畴为主。非磁滞剩磁磁化率与饱和等温剩磁的比值(χ_(ARM)/SIRM)与降雨量呈现较好的正相关性,进一步分析表明χ_(ARM)/SIRM可作为代用指标用来揭示渭河流域1957～2010年以来的降水量变化。其中,1957～1969年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值减小,表明磁性矿物粒径变粗,降雨量递减;1969～1985年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值递增,表明磁性矿物粒径变细,降雨量递增; 1985～1995年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值减小,磁性矿物粒径变粗,降雨量相对减少; 1995～2010年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值递增,磁性矿物粒径变细,降雨量波动递增,但增幅不大。通过morlet小波分析表明渭河流域近现代降雨量存在8 a和19 a的主周期变化,χ_(ARM)/SIRM存在8 a和16 a的主周期变化,两者的周期变化特征较为一致,进一步表明χ_(ARM)/SIRM在渭河沉积物中作为降水代用指标的有效性。     

面向场景的城市PM2.5浓度空间分布精细模拟

针对传统PM_2.5浓度空间分布模拟方法忽略了城市内部如道路、工厂、居民区、景区等不同微环境整体对PM_2.5浓度影响机制的缺陷,本研究提出一种微环境PM_2.5浓度场景分异的理论假设,并以湖南长沙主城区为例,结合基于污染先验知识划分的城市微环境场景空间分布与自主设计加密观测场获取的203个监测点小时PM_2.5浓度加密数据,分析城市微环境PM_2.5浓度场景时空分异特征.在此基础上,耦合地理加权回归（GWR）与人工神经网络（ANN）方法,构建微环境场景增强下的PM_2.5浓度空间分布精细模拟GWR-ANN模型,开展城市内部高空间分辨率PM_2.5污染制图.结果表明：不同微环境场景间PM_2.5浓度存在显著时空差异,地表覆盖类型相同但分别位于2个不同场景的监测点间PM_2.5浓度差会随时间发生变化;耦合微环境场景变量的GWR-ANN模型能够有效精细模拟PM_2.5浓度的空间分布,模型拟合效果与交叉检验精度指标整体优于无场景变量参与的GWR-ANN模型（除部分时相较为接近外,检验R²：0.76~0.84vs.0.57~0.81）;场景增强下的PM_2.5浓度空间分布100m级分辨率模拟估算结果可以较好揭示研究区PM_2.5浓度高低值局地变化特征.     

Development of a method for comprehensive water quality forecasting and its application in Miyun reservoir of Beijing, China

Water quality forecasting is an essential part of water resource management. Spatiotemporal variations of water quality and their inherent constraints make it very complex. This study explored a data-based method for short-term water quality forecasting. Prediction of water quality indicators including dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand by KMnO₄ and ammonia nitrogen using support vector machine was taken as inputs of the particle swarm algorithm based optimal wavelet neural network to forecast the whole status index of water quality. Gubeikou monitoring section of Miyun reservoir in Beijing, China was taken as the study case to examine effectiveness of this approach. The experiment results also revealed that the proposed model has advantages of stability and time reduction in comparison with other data-driven models including traditional BP neural network model, wavelet neural network model and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree model. It can be used as an effective approach to perform short-term comprehensive water quality prediction.     

Synthesis of a novel illite@carbon nanocomposite adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater

A novel illite@carbon (I@C) nanocomposite adsorbent has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) using glucose as carbonaceous source and illite as the carrier. The morphology, microstructure and surface properties of the prepared nanocomposite adsorbent were analyzed by FESEM, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and Zeta potential measurements. Batch experiments were carried out on the adsorption of Cr(VI) to determine the adsorption properties of the composite. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto the I@C nanocomposite was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. Compared with the illite and carbon material (SC) separately, the prepared I@C nanocomposite adsorbent exhibited enhanced adsorption performance for Cr(VI) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 149.25 mg/g, which was higher than that of most reported adsorbents. In addition, the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic based on the adsorption thermodynamics study. The adsorption of Cr(VI) by I@C was highly pH-dependent and the optimum adsorption occurred at pH 2.0. The Zeta potential analysis results indicated that the electrostatic interactions between anionic Cr(VI) and the positively charged surface of the adsorbent might be critical to the adsorption mechanism. This study demonstrated that the I@C nanocomposite should be a promising candidate for a low-cost, environmental friendly and highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

沈阳市城市污水处理厂现状及提标改造技术对策分析

为达到国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A要求,对沈阳市污水处理厂实施提标改造工程。通过对沈阳市城市污水处理厂现状、处理工艺特征及运行情况调研分析,根据沈阳市城市污水处理厂需要提标改造存在的问题,提出工艺优化以及提标改造解决对策,为沈阳市城市污水处理厂提标改造的工程建设提供技术支撑。     

湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演研究综述

湖泊水面温度与藻类生长密切相关,通过获取水体表层温度信息来监测湖泊水面温度时空动态变化,对于蓝藻水华预警监控具有重要意义。湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演的理论方法与反演地表、海洋表面温度基本相同。本文在介绍遥感反演地表温度原理的基础上,总结了国内外基于热红外波段反演水体表面温度的单窗算法、劈窗算法、多通道算法等几种常用方法,重点分析了各算法的优缺点和反演的主要难点,并对今后在内陆水体藻华预测顸警等方面的应用趋势进行了展望。     

基于回归分析的隧道爆破振动传播规律研究

为控制隧道爆破振动效应产生的危害,采用回归分析法对爆破振动的传播规律进行研究。首先采用一元线性回归与二元线性回归对爆破振动实测数据进行分析,确定不同影响因素下萨氏公式的相关参数,进而研究隧道爆破振动的传播规律,然后计算不同爆心距对应的爆破最大段药量,最后通过爆破振速峰值分析来判断隧道爆破的安全程度。研究结果表明,该隧道爆破振动危害在控制范围之内,不会对地表建筑物造成影响。     

层状氢氧化镁铝对染料酸性橙Ⅱ的脱色性能

分别用层状氢氧化镁铝(LDHs)和焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝(CLDH)作为吸附剂,吸附脱除水溶液中染料酸性橙Ⅱ,考察了Mg/Al物质的量之比、吸附剂的投加量、脱色时间、初始pH值等因素对脱色率的影响.结果表明,以Mg/Al物质的量之比为3制得的层状氢氧化镁铝对酸性橙Ⅱ溶液的脱色效果最好;室温下,3.0 g·L-1LDHs和1...