羧基功能化螯合纤维对In(Ⅲ)的吸附行为及机理研究

以聚丙烯腈纤维为基质,通过化学接枝的方式将羧基引入纤维表面,制备得到含有羧基的螯合纤维,并应用于水溶液中In(Ⅲ)吸附分离.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱和热重分析技术对样品进行表征.间歇吸附试验表明,所制备螯合纤维对In(Ⅲ)的最大吸附容量为37.5 mg/g,整个吸附过程在120 min以内达到基本平衡,吸附过程复合准二级动力学模型.竞争性吸附试验表明,在含有In(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)的混合溶液中,吸附材料对In(Ⅲ)显示出一定的亲和能力.研究依靠路易斯酸碱理论在纤维表面构建了能用于In(Ⅲ)捕捉的吸附位点,为In(Ⅲ)的吸附分离提供了新的思路或方法.     

北极新奥尔松地区过去200年Hg污染记录及来源

自工业革命以来,Hg污染已经成为了全球性的问题.研究选取了采自北极新奥尔松(Ny-Alesund)地区富含苔藓植物残体的沉积剖面S2,对沉积样品进行Hg含量分析,结合210Pb-137Cs年代测定以及Hg沉降通量的计算,恢复了最近200年新奥尔松地区Hg的变化趋势,并重点探讨了工业革命以来引起S2剖面Hg沉积通量显著增加的主要因素.结果表明,工业革命以来,Hg含量明显上升,表层样品中Hg含量最高约为180 ng.g-1,人类污染Hg占总Hg的比例由30%上升至表层的90%,人为源Hg的输入已成为北极新奥尔松地区总Hg的主要来源.最近200年,Hg沉积通量为8～20μg.(m2.a)-1,并呈现3个明显峰值,分别对应于1800年、1880年和1970年左右.对比研究区煤炭生产量、全球Hg产量和S2剖面沉积通量记录的变化,表明当地Hg的输入主要来源于远距离大气污染物的传输作用,本地煤矿的开采和关闭可能对当地Hg沉积通量变化造成了一定的影响,但影响较小.新奥尔松地区的Hg污染程度与瑞典、加拿大等环北极地区相当,高于格陵兰地区,但仍明显低于美国、俄罗斯等工业化较高的国家.     

Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of selected woody plants for revegetation in copper (Cu) and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailing areas. Five woody species (Amorpha fruticosa Linn, Vitex trifolia Linn: var. simplicifolia Cham, Glochidion puberum (Linn.) Hutch, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Styrax tonkinensis) and one herbaceous species (Sesbania cannabina Pers) were planted in Cu and Pb/Zn tailings to assess their growth, root morphology, nutrition uptake, metal accumulation, and translocation in plants. Amorpha fruticosa maintained normal growth, while the other species demonstrated stress related growth and root development. Sesbania cannabina showed the highest biomass among the plants, although it decreased by 30% in Cu tailings and 40% in Pb/Zn tailings. Calculated tolerance index (TI) values suggested that A. fruticosa, an N-fixing shrub, was the most tolerant species to both tailings (TI values 0.92–1.01), while S. cannabina had a moderate TI of 0.65–0.81 and B. papyrifera was the most sensitive species, especially to Pb/Zn tailings (TI values 0.15–0.19). Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals in the mine tailings and plants roots, only a small transfer of these elements to the aboveground parts of the woody plants was evident from the low translocation factor (TF) values. Among the woody plants, V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had the highest TF values for Zn (1.32), Cu (0.78), and Pb/Zn (0.78). The results suggested that A. fruticosa and S. cannabina, which have the highest tolerance and biomass production, respectively, demonstrated the potential for tailings revegetation in southern China.     

兰州市农村环境污染现状及防治对策分析

分别对兰州市农村的主要污染面源污染和点源污染现状进行了综合分析,研究其变化规律和发展趋势,揭示了其基本状况。最后结合兰州市具体情况提出了治理农村环境污染的对策和建议。     

船舶压载水及其沉积物中浮游生物研究概况

概述了国内外对到港船舶压载水及其沉积物中浮游生物的研究进展,各研究结果均表明,到港船舶压载水及其沉积物中存活了大量的浮游生物,其中浮游植物可通过生理休眠或产生休眠细胞存活,而浮游动物则会产生休眠卵,这些休眠状态的存在都加大了外来生物的入侵风险;同时阐述了国内外对航行过程中压载水浮游生物丰度变化的研究现状,结果表明:不同...     

NaCl溶液pH值对5083铝合金腐蚀的影响研究

采用电化学试验方法,结合金相组织观察、SEM、腐蚀形貌观察等,研究了在不同pH值时3％(质量分数)NaCl溶液中5083铝合金的点蚀电位、自腐蚀电位及腐蚀质量损失.研究结果表明,5083铝合金点蚀电位基本接近,自腐蚀电位存在差异,而且在强酸、强碱溶液中会发生全面均匀的腐蚀溶解;在弱酸、弱碱或偏中性溶液中由于在夹杂物及基...     

军用组合式集装箱联结器失效分析

简要介绍了军用组合式集装箱联结器常见的失效形式,分析了各种失效的原因.指出军用组合式集装箱联结器在设计、制造、使用中的任何一个环节的不当,都可能会造成其失效;军用组合式集装箱联结器的失效原因,涉及到从材料、加工、结构、受力、使用环境到相关零件分析的多个过程.给出了一些典型工程失效分析案例,提出了相应的预防改进措施.     

A novel colorimetric method for field arsenic speciation analysis

Accurate on-site determination of arsenic (As) concentration as well as its speciation presents a great environmental challenge especially to developing countries. To meet the need of routine field monitoring, we developed a rapid colorimetric method with a wide dynamic detection range and high precision. The novel application of KMnO₄ and CH₄N₂S as effective As(Ⅲ) oxidant and As(V) reductant, respectively, in the formation of molybdenum blue complexes enabled the differentiation of As(Ⅲ) and As(V). The detection limit of the method was 8 μg/L with a linear range (R² = 0.998) of four orders of magnitude in total As concentrations. The As speciation in groundwater samples determined with the colorimetric method in the field were consistent with the results using the high performance liquid chromatography atomic fluorescence spectrometry, as evidenced by a linear correlation in paired analysis with a slope of 0.9990-0.9997 (p < 0.0001, n = 28). The recovery of 96%-116% for total As, 85%-122% for As(Ⅲ), and 88%-127% for As(V) were achieved for groundwater samples with a total As concentration range 100-800 μg/L. The colorimetric result showed that 3.61 g/L As(Ⅲ) existed as the only As species in a real industrial wastewater, which was in good agreement with the HPLC-AFS result of 3.56 g/L As(Ⅲ). No interference with the color development was observed in the presence of sulfate, phosphate, silicate, humic acid, and heavy metals from complex water matrix. This accurate, sensitive, and easy-to-use method is especially suitable for field As determination.     

适用于BAF的粉煤灰免烧陶粒的制备

为拓宽粉煤灰免烧陶粒的应用范围,使免烧法得以推广,本实验通过激发粉煤灰的潜在活性并选用污水厂剩余污泥为添加剂的方法制备免烧陶粒,使产品比市售烧结陶粒更适用于污水处理领域,为粉煤灰、污泥的处理提供一条经济合理的途径。实验对粉煤灰活性激发机理、污泥添加作用和陶粒物相组成(XRD)进行研究。制备陶粒产品的主要性能指标是破碎率1.9%,,表观密度为1667kg/m3,比表面积7.84m2/g。将制备免烧陶粒和市售烧结陶粒投入曝气生物滤池处理生活污水,结果表明利用污泥为添加剂,可在一定条件下制备出适用于BAF的性能优良的功能陶粒,达到经济节能、变废为宝的目的。     

加强对现代住宅建筑隔声问题的重视

通过对噪声在人们日常生活中的影响与干扰,分析了目前建筑业在开发房地产时忽略噪声这一问题的主要原因,明确指出房地产开发商应将噪声控制在人们对居住环境达到满意或者基本满意,给居民一个优雅、安静的生存环境。