低温热氧化法强化剩余污泥微生物燃料电池的产电特性

城市污水处理厂污泥因有机物含量高而成为微生物燃料电池(MFC)应用研究的主要方向之一,而污泥中有机质的释放成为限制其发展的主要因素.本实验利用低温热解和过氧化氢氧化处理的耦合方法预处理城市污水处理厂污泥,分析了其作为燃料对MFC产电性能的影响.研究表明,利用预处理后的污泥上清液作为燃料,预处理温度、时间、pH值和过氧化氢投加量对MFC的产电性能影响大.当温度、时间、pH值和过氧化氢分别为100℃、90 min、11和500 g·kg TSS~(-1)的预处理条件下,MFC功率密度最大,分别为235、287、233.2、280 mW·m~(-3).采用热氧化法预处理污泥,可有利于污泥的破解,使能被产电菌利用的营养物质增多,提高了MFC产电特性,可为污泥资源化利用提供有益的参考.     

乳化液膜法处理化工废水的进展

扼要介绍了液膜分离的机理及其在废水处理方面所具有的特点，并举例说明了我国在液膜法处理化工废水方面的研究进展。     

Municipal solid waste management planning for Xiamen City,China: a stochastic fractional inventory-theory-based approach

In this study, a stochastic fractional inventory-theory-based waste management planning (SFIWP) model was developed and applied for supporting long-term planning of the municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Xiamen City, the special economic zone of Fujian Province, China. In the SFIWP model, the techniques of inventory model, stochastic linear fractional programming, and mixed-integer linear programming were integrated in a framework. Issues of waste inventory in MSW management system were solved, and the system efficiency was maximized through considering maximum net-diverted wastes under various constraint-violation risks. Decision alternatives for waste allocation and capacity expansion were also provided for MSW management planning in Xiamen. The obtained results showed that about 4.24 × 10⁶ t of waste would be diverted from landfills when p _i is 0.01, which accounted for 93% of waste in Xiamen City, and the waste diversion per unit of cost would be 26.327 × 10³ t per $10⁶. The capacities of MSW management facilities including incinerators, composting facility, and landfills would be expanded due to increasing waste generation rate.     

GC-MS-MS测定蔬菜中八种有机磷农药

用GC-MS-MS同时测定蔬菜中的甲拌磷、二嗪农、甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、倍硫磷、喹硫磷、杀扑磷和亚胺硫磷.对各个化合物的特征离子对、碰撞电压进行了优化,并阐述了优化反应监测模式(MRM)条件的过程和方法,同时分析了各个化合物的线性范围和最低检出限.将该方法用于蔬菜样品的检测,测得加标回收率在90.4%-105.0%之间,RSD在3.2%-9.3%之间.     

全球气候治理背景下中国气候金融发展的挑战和应对

气候金融是全球气候治理的重要基础和关键要素。国际政治局势的变动和《巴黎协定》的签订使得全球气候治理格局发生了重大转变。文章基于这一时代背景和国际气候金融发展趋势,从气候金融政策发展、气候金融机构及其产品和服务、气候金融风险管理三个角度梳理中国气候金融发展现状和内外部障碍。基于此,文章提出了气候金融发展的中国应对策略,认为应健全政策体系,加强国际合作;扩大金融供给,完善行业体系;健全法规约束,提升管理水平。     

城市绿地温室气体通量监测与减排研究

采用LGR-密闭式动态通量箱法对城市绿地生态系统温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)通量的日变化、季节变化特征及其影响因子等进行了较为系统的研究。城市绿地花草CO₂通量有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,白天通量值为负,是CO₂的净吸收汇;夜晚为正值,是CO₂的净释放源;7:00左右由源转为汇,17:00左右由汇转为源,不同花卉24 h总通量有正负2种结果。冬季草坪作为源的时间延长,而作为汇的时间缩短。光强和温度是影响CO₂通量日变化和季节变化的主要因素。城市绿地CH₄通量较小,不足以对温室气体总量产生显著影响。从减少温室气体排放的角度对城市绿地花草的选择提出了建议。     

Occurrence and fate of androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids and progestagens in two different types of municipal wastewater treatment plants

The occurrence and fate of fourteen androgens, four estrogens, five glucocorticoids and five progestagens were investigated in two different types of wastewater treatment plants (Plant A: activated sludge with chlorination, and Plant B: oxidation ditch with UV) of Guangdong province, China. 14, 14, and 10 of 28 target compounds were detected in the influent, effluent and dewatered sludge samples with the concentrations ranging from below 1.2 ± 0.0 ng L(-1) (stanozolol) to 1368 ± 283 ng L(-1) (epi-androsterone), below 1.0 ± 0.0 ng L(-1) (progesterone) to 23.1 ± 1.0 ng L(-1) (5α-dihydrotestosterone), 1.0 ± 0.1 ng g(-1) (estrone) to 460 ± 4.4 ng g(-1) (5α-dihydrotestosterone), respectively. The concentrations of total androgens (1554-1778 ng L(-1) in influent, 13.3-47.8 ng L(-1) in effluent, 377-923 ng g(-1) in dewatered sludge) were much higher than those of total estrogens (41.5-60.2 ng L(-1) in influent, 5.6-13.5 ng L(-1) in effluent, 13.9-57.8 ng g(-1) in dewatered sludge), glucocorticoids (171-192 ng L(-1) in influent, 2.2-6.3 ng L(-1) in effluent, N.D.-4.4 ng g(-1) in dewatered sludge), and progestagens (39.6-40.5 ng L(-1) in influent, 6.9-12.1 ng L(-1) in effluent, N.D. in dewatered sludge) in these two WWTPs. According to mass balance analysis, the removal rates of most target steroids in Plant A had exceeded 90%, while those in Plant B for nearly half of detected target steroids were lower than 80%. It is obvious that the treatment capacity of the activated sludge system (Plant A) is superior to the oxidation ditch (Plant B) in the degradation of steroids in sewage treatment systems. Androgens, estrogens and progestagens were mainly removed by sorption and degradation, while the reduction of glucocorticoids was primarily due to degradation.     

On the intensity and type transition of land use at the basin scale using RS/GIS: a case study of the Hanjiang River Basin

The purpose of this study is to investigate the land use intensity and land use change type at the basin scale in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin (in Hubei Province, China) by combining the Landsat TM images in 1995 and 2000 with the land use database (in scale 1:10,000) and relative data. In this study, the basic data is acquired from the interpretation of remote sensing (RS) images. The intensity of land use and the rate of change in double-directions of land use dynamics are calculated with the support of software ARC/INFO. The intensity of land use is indicated by the intensity coefficient of land use, and the transition of land use types is quantified as the rate of change in double-direction of land use types and also expressed as the transition matrix of land use types. The results are expressed in space by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Results of this study show that (1) the intensity of land use is high in the study region, the intensity coefficients of land use in 1995 and 2000 are 260.025 and 290.526, respectively, and the intensity of development and utilization of land is trend to increscent; and (2) the rate of land use change in double directions in the whole study region is 0.52 with great spatial variation and the differentiation of land use types. In the differentiation of land use types, the unutilized land (with the rate to 4.391) is developed fast, the grassland (with 2.836) and water area (with 1.664) are disturbed severely, and these changes will influence the eco-environment in the Hanjiang River Basin and all the Yangtze Basin. The rates of the farmland and the woodland are 0.424 and 0.344, respectively, meaning that the fundamentals of regional human-environmental system are relative stable. With this study, we can conclude that (1) the patterns of land use are increasingly changing in the study region, the environmental impacts are escalated on this stage, and the further outcomes are destined to change the stability of the regional human–environmental system; and (2) the most useful method to study the present land use and its change is through the use of the RS/GIS with the land use database (in scale 1:10,000).     

水和废水中氯离子的自动电位滴定

采用自动电位滴定法测定水和废水中的氯离子,研究了酸度和介质及各种离子对测定的影响。实验结果表明,本法具有高选择性,而且操作手续简便快捷,分析结果准确可靠。     

光催化处理二甲苯废气的影响因素研究

使用自制光催化反应器,以多孔型载体分别负载纳米TiO2和普通TiO2,以256～265 nm紫外光为光源,探讨了TiO2光催化处理二甲苯废气的影响因素及处理性能.结果发现,在以纳米型TiO2作为催化剂、在紫外光强为1000 W且布光均匀、风量为1000 m3/h、进口浓度350 mg/m3、通入臭氧的工况条件下运行,整个系统对二甲苯的去除率平均在90%以上.