高氨废水自养半亚硝化过程N2O释放特性

接种普通活性污泥,以人工配制高氨废水为基质。在SBR中通过逐步提高进水氨氮浓度并控制低溶解氧的方法,经过58 d连续运行使出水NO2--N/NH4+-N维持在0.88~1.25,成功实现了半亚硝化的启动。通过对典型周期内氮素转化及N2O释放特性的考察表明:周期内DO浓度基本维持在0.4 mg/L以下,NH4+-N浓度由410.46 mg/L下降至257.26 mg/L。NO2--N浓度由162.90 mg/L升高至295.80 mg/L,NO3--N浓度由27.01 mg/L逐渐升高至50.16 mg/L。pH先由7.94升高到8.01后缓慢降至7.96,溶解性N2O浓度基本维持在0.07 mg/L。初期(0~20 min)气态N2O浓度由0.13 mg/L迅速升至1.13 mg/L后急剧下降到0.34 mg/L,随后缓慢升至0.54 mg/L。初期N2O的平均释放速率高达0.84 mg/min,这主要是上周期沉淀阶段产生并附着在污泥中的N2O受曝气吹脱所致。     

盐度对人工渗滤系统中煤渣和陶粒除磷过程的影响

以煤渣和陶粒作为填料,通过静态吸附实验对二者的磷吸附动力学和等温吸附过程进行模型拟合,并考察了不同盐度对人工渗滤系统吸附除磷的影响。静态吸附实验结果表明,零盐度下,Elovich模型和双常数模型可较好拟合煤渣吸附除磷过程,而陶粒更符合一级动力学模型,二者吸附机理取决于填料的理化性质;不同盐度下,二者等温吸附过程 Langmuir 方程的拟合效果要好于Freundlich方程;盐度增大总体呈现对磷吸附的抑制作用,但由于盐度增加导致溶液中阴离子与磷酸根离子激烈竞争填料表面吸附位点,二者的吸附量均在1%和1.5% 盐度之间出现反复。人工渗滤系统连续实验结果表明,系统整体受盐度影响趋势与静态吸附实验结果基本一致。     

牛粪和玉米秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及动力学

为了评价牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力,研究其厌氧消化过程动力学方程,采用自制序批式厌氧发酵实验装置对某养殖场牛粪和秸秆的最大甲烷生产潜力及其发酵过程进行研究。通过实验研究,测得接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的累计甲烷产量分别为64.87、244.0和466.54 mL CH4/g VS。根据实测的产气量变化曲线,按照modified Gompertz equation模型进行方程拟合,牛粪组和玉米秸秆组拟合方程的相关性系数分别为0.983和0.991,表明运用modified Gompertz equation模型预测牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力方法可行。通过对产甲烷过程的动力学研究得到:接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大产甲烷潜力分别为66.07、213.93和458.57 mL CH4/g VS,与实测值的误差率分别为1.8%、12.3%和1.7%;牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大甲烷日产气率(Rm)和延滞期时间(λ)分别是13.14 mL CH4/(g VS·d)、30.76 mL CH4/(g VS·d)和0.35 d、0.71 d。综上,玉米秸秆厌氧消化的停滞期长,但总产气量和最大甲烷日产期率都比牛粪高。     

MnO2/Al2O3吸附草甘膦及微波紫外耦合降解再生工艺

以掺混煅烧法制备MnO2/Al2O3,并对草甘膦进行吸附,将吸附态草甘膦置于微波紫外耦合系统中进行降解和再生。研究并给出了MnO2/Al2O3的最佳制备条件、最佳吸附条件和微波紫外耦合降解再生的最佳工艺参数。MnO2/Al2O3最佳制备条件为MnO2质量分数15%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间2 h。在常温下,MnO2/Al2O3对草甘膦的最大吸附量为75 mg/g。微波紫外耦合系统最佳工艺参数为功率500 W,时间25 min,空气量0.06 m3/h。在此操作条件下,MnO2/Al2O3的再生率达到85%,并且可以多次再生利用,草甘膦最终降解产物为二氧化碳、氮氧化物、磷酸和水,矿化率为65%。     

Fe3+和Cu2+对饮用水氯消毒副产物三卤甲烷形成的影响

为了研究水中存在Br-的情况下,Fe3+和Cu2+对三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成及CHCl3、CHBrCl2、CHBr2Cl、CHBr3 4种消毒副产物相对分布的影响,以腐殖酸模拟氯消毒过程中的前体物进行实验。结果表明,在pH为6、7和9 3种条件下,Fe3+抑制了THMs的生成,pH=6时只有CHCl3生成量随着Fe3+浓度的增加逐渐减少,其余3种消毒副产物均在增加,pH=7时4种消毒副产物浓度均减小并在Fe3+浓度为2 mg/L时生成量最低,pH=9时的生成趋势与pH=6时类似。Cu2+能促进THMs的生成,在pH为6、7和9时,当加入0.5 mg/L Cu2+时,THMs总量分别增加了16.7%、22.6%和2.5%,随着pH增加,THMs总量增加。在3种pH环境中,Cu2+对THMs生成的影响大于Fe3+,在偏酸性环境中,Fe3+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高,当金属离子浓度为2.5 mg/L时,致癌风险相差最高为15%,在中性和偏碱性环境中,Cu2+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高。     

Decline of traditional rice farming constrains the recovery of the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon)

Traditional agriculture benefits a rich diversity of plants and animals. The winter-flooded rice fields in the Qinling Mountains, China, are the last refuge for the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), and intensive efforts have been made to protect this anthropogenic habitat. Analyses of multi-temporal satellite data indicate that winter-flooded rice fields have been continuously reduced across the current range of crested ibis during the past two decades. The rate of loss of these fields in the core-protected areas has unexpectedly increased to a higher level than that in non-protected areas in the past decade. The best fit (R² = 0.87) numerical response model of the crested ibis population shows that a reduction of winter-flooded rice fields decreases population growth and predicts that the population growth will be constrained by the decline of traditional winter-flooded rice fields in the coming decades. Our findings suggest that the decline of traditional rice farming is likely to continue to pose a threat to the long-term survival and recovery of the crested ibis population in China.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0649-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

再燃法烟气脱硝技术

综述了再燃法烟气脱硝技术及其主要影响因素。通过对几种脱硝技术的分析比较，认为再燃脱硝是一种很有前景的脱硝技术，其投资和运行费用界于低NO。燃烧器和选择性催化还原技术之间，有喷氨条件下的先进再燃脱硝效率接近于选择性催化还原技术。总结了国内外对先进再燃脱硝技术各种参数影响条件的研究结果，并论述了该技术的应用要点。     

Status and fuzzy comprehensive assessment of combined heavy metal and organo-chlorine pesticide pollution in the Taihu Lake region of China

The status of combined heavy metal and organo-chlorine pesticide (OCPs; i.e. HCH and DDT) pollution was investigated and the soil environmental quality of the Taihu Lake watershed, one of the most developed regions in China, was evaluated using a fuzzy comprehensive assessment. Statistical analyses showed the presence of combined pollution in the soil. At many sampling sites, heavy metal concentrations were above corresponding background values, indicating the effects of extraneous pollutants. It has been over 20 years since China banned the use of OCPs, but they can still be found in soil samples of this region. HCH levels at all investigated sites were below the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils. Fuzzy comprehensive assessment showed that the overall soil quality in this region could be categorized as class I. Nevertheless, the high coefficients of variation for levels of DDT, Cd and Hg indicated the existence of some point-source pollution. Continuous monitoring and further studies of the region are recommended to prevent pollution of farmland from these sources.     

Multi-factor principle for electrolyte additive molecule design for facilitating the development of electrolyte chemistry

When I read the paper"Electrolytes enriched by potassium perfluorinated sulfonates for lithium metal batteries"from Prof. Jianmin Ma's group, which was published in Science Bulletin (doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.09.018), I felt excited as presented a multi-factor principle for applying potassium perfluorinated sulfonates to suppress the dendrite growth and protect the cathode from the viewpoint of electrolyte additives. The effects of these additives are revealed through experimental results, molecular dynamics simulations and first-principle calculations. Specifically, it involves the influence of additives on Li+ solvation structure, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), Li growth and nucleation. Following the guidance of the multi-factor principle, every part of the additive molecule should be utilized to regulate electrolytes. This multi-factor principle for electrolyte additive molecule design (EAMD) offers a unique insight on understanding the electrochemical behavior of ion-type electrolyte additives on both the Li metal anode and high-voltage cathode. In these regards, I would be delighted to write a highlight for this innovative work and, hopefully, it may raise more interest in the areas of electrolyte additives.     

油气田采出水锂资源回收可行性、技术现状及展望

锂资源高需求低产量的供需矛盾使得开发新的锂资源刻不容缓,而油气田采出水中锂资源丰富,是潜在的液体锂资源,因此分析油气田采出水提锂可行性并提出可行技术路线具有重要的现实意义。首先通过对油气田采出水的组成进行分析,明确了油气田采出水的水质特性;然后对国内主要盆地锂资源禀赋进行分析,强调其复杂的有机-无机高度混杂体系中有机物浓度高且离子组成丰富对提锂的挑战;最后从水质特性、水处理技术和油气田采出水锂资源高效回收技术出发,阐述盐湖提锂技术如沉淀法、膜分离、吸附法、溶剂萃取法和耦合技术对于油气田采出水提锂的适用性。结合提锂实践和产业现状,认为“预处理+富集浓缩（吸附/萃取-膜分离）+沉淀”是可行的提锂技术路线。