Pros and cons of climate change in China

Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(RD)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.     

Spatial heterogeneity of stream environmental conditions and macroinvertebrates community in an agriculture dominated watershed and management implications for a large river (the Liao River,China) basin

Understanding the effects of watershed land uses (e.g., agriculture, urban industry) on stream ecological conditions is important for the management of large river basins. A total of 41 and 56 stream sites (from first to fourth order) that were under a gradient of watershed land uses were monitored in 2009 and 2010, respectively, in the Liao River Basin, Northeast China. The monitoring results showed that a total of 192 taxa belonging to four phyla, seven classes, 21 orders and 91 families were identified. The composition of macroinvertebrate community in the Liao River Basin was dominated by aquatic insect taxa (Ephemeroptera and Diptera), Oligochaeta and Molluscs. The functional feeding group GC (Gatherer/Collector) was dominant in the whole basin. Statistical results showed that sites with less watershed impacts (lower order sites) were characterized by higher current velocity and habitat score, more sensitive taxa (e.g., Ephemeroptera), and the substrate was dominated by high percentage of cobble and pebble. The sites with more impacts from agriculture and urban industry (higher order sites) were characterized by higher biochemical (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), more tolerant taxa (e.g., Chironominae), and the substrate was dominated by silt and sand. Agriculture and urban-industry activities have reduced habitat condition, increased organic pollutants, reduced macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, and sensitive taxa in streams of the lower Liao River Basin. Restoration of degraded habitat condition and control of watershed organic pollutants could be potential management priorities for the Basin.     

Residue levels of hexachlorocyclohexane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in human milk collected from Beijing

Forty-eight human breast milk samples were collected from mothers in Beijing. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (including α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDT) contents of the samples were determined by gas chromatography/electron capture detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT were detected at rates of 20, 100, 10, 100, 10, and 22 %, respectively. The average residue levels in the samples were 174.6 ng/g fat for β-HCH, 333.8 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDE, 6.57 ng/g fat for α-HCH, 7.67 ng/g fat for γ-HCH, 4.18 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDD, and 11.4 ng/g fat for p,p′-DDT. The results showed that the infants’ daily intake levels of HCH and DDT were 0.95 and 1.76 μg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Our result suggested that the total residue level of these organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Beijing decreased and was lower than that from other coastal and heavy industrial cities in China. On the other hand, the levels of HCH and DDT were higher than those from some developed countries, but lower than those from other developing countries such as India.     

道路机动车活动水平调查及其污染物排放测算应用——上海案例研究

采用上海市车辆数据和机动车年检站实地调查方式获取车辆技术及分布,用GPS设备采集机动车行驶工况,通过交通流量录像的现场计数的方法获得道路车流分布。调查结果显示,在用汽车排放水平85％以上都达到或超过国Ⅱ标准;在低速、怠速工况区间内,社会车辆的比功率比例最低;道路轻型客车（含出租车）日平均车流量占总车流量的80％以上。机动车活动水平的详细调查将有助于上海实际道路机动车排放清单的精确计算,并获取主要的排放源及其影响因素。     

深圳市罗湖区道路交通噪声地图的制作与应用

以 SoundPLAN 软件为依托,将罗湖区城市主干道路及周边地物进行概化、建模,并根据实际监测数据调试参数,制作出罗湖区主干道路噪声分布地图,并对噪声污染严重路段防护措施进行效果模拟,为罗湖区道路交通噪声控制规划和整治以及建设项目审批管理等提供依据。     

Global climate change and regional sustainable development: the case of Mackenzie Basin in Canada

Cohen et al. [16] suggest that in order to explore ways to bring climate change (CC) and sustainable development (SD) research together, it is necessary to develop more heuristic tools that can involve resource users and other stakeholders. In this respect, this paper focuses on methodological development in research to study climate change impacts and regional sustainable development (RSD). It starts with an introduction of an integrated land assessment framework (ILAF) which is part of the integrated phase of the Mackenzie Basin Impact Study (MBIS) in Canada. The paper then provides some articulation on how the integrated approach was applied in the Mackenzie Basin to show implications of climate change for RSD.     

Distribution of heavy metals in agricultural soils near a petrochemical complex in Guangzhou, China

The aim of the study was to investigate influence of an industrialized environment on the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils. Seventy soil samples collected from surface layers (0-20 cm) and horizons of five selected pedons in the vicinity area of petrochemical complex in Guangzhou, China were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg and As concentrations, the horizontal and vertical variation of these metals were studied and geographic information system (GIS)-based mapping techniques were applied to generate spatial distribution maps. The mean concentrations of these heavy metals in the topsoils did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations in agricultural soil of China with the exception of Hg. Significant differences between land-use types showed that Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg and As concentrations in topsoils were strongly influenced by agricultural practices and soil management. Within a radius of 1,300 m there were no marked decreasing trends for these element concentrations (except for Zn) with the increase of distance from the complex boundary, which reflected little influence of petroleum air emission on soil heavy metal accumulation. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg and As in the five pedons, particularly in cultivated vegetable field and orchard, decreased with soil depth, indicating these elements mainly originated from anthropogenic sources. GIS mapping was a useful tool for evaluating spatial variability of heavy metals in the affected soil. The spatial distribution maps allowed the identification of hot-spot areas with high metal concentration. Effective measures should be taken to avoid or minimize heavy metal further contamination of soils and to remediate the contaminated areas in order to prevent pollutants affecting human health through agricultural products.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中镉的不确定度评定

评定了石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤样品中镉的测量不确定度。在测定过程中,对样品称量、水分测定、样品消解、样品定容、标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合等影响不确定度的分量进行了评定。按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)的规定进行合成,给出了扩展不确定度,镉含量结果的表示式为(0.115±0.015)mg/kg,k=2。     

基于qPCR和16S rDNA高通量测序研究蓝藻暴发期间太湖竺山湾水体浮游细菌群落

为了探究浮游细菌和蓝藻暴发之间的关系,利用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术,对夏季蓝藻暴发期间太湖竺山湾表层水和底泥中浮游细菌群落结构和多样性进行研究。结果表明,从门水平来看,水样和底泥中平均相对丰度最高的为变形菌门,放线菌门次之,此外蓝藻门也有一定的比例,可为水华暴发提供预警指示;从属水平来看,水样中的优势细菌主要为GpXI和GpIIa,底泥中为Gp6和GpIIa。     

一株芘降解菌B2的降解条件优化及降解基因

芳香烃降解菌是石油污染土壤修复的主要生物资源。采用芘平板升华法对克拉玛依原油污染土壤样品进行驯化培养,分离得到一株芘降解菌B2,经16S rDNA基因序列比对及系统发育进化分析表明,该菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudo-monas)。采用正交设计方法优化菌株B2对高分子量多环芳烃芘的降解条件,并构建多元非线性模型预测菌株B2对芘的最佳降解条件,结果表明:在接种量OD660 nm为0.60、降解温度为40℃、降解时间为6.0 d时,预测菌株B2对芘的降解最大达到38.214 mg/L,实际测得最大降解量为37.906 mg/L,预测准确率为99.19%。运用PCR技术克隆B2的邻苯二酚-2,3-双加氧酶基因(B2C23O)(I.2.A亚家族),核酸序列分析表明,该基因全长880 bp,具有一个完整的开放阅读框,编码246个氨基酸,与已报道的Pseudomonas putida W619同源性最高为97%;对B2C23O基因编码氨基酸序列进行分析,发现其具有邻位断裂双加氧酶模式结构,推测菌株B2通过邻位裂解途径降解芘代谢中间产物邻苯二酚。