Detecting the spatial differentiation in settlement change rates during rapid urbanization in the Nanjing metropolitan region, China

Urbanization produced significant landscape changes throughout the world. China has been experiencing accelerated urbanization during the past decades. Rapid land use/land over conversion occurred nationwide in urbanization, manifesting noteworthy characteristics of landscape dynamics. In this study, we investigated the spatial differentiation in settlement change rates among 1-km² land units in the Nanjing metropolitan region, a representative rapidly urbanizing region in China. Remotely sensed detection using Landsat TM data of 1988–2006 showed that settlement increase, termed as positive growth (PG), was predominant in the study area; while settlement decrease, termed as negative growth (NG), also had a considerable proportion, which was mainly attributed to the increase of green lands and the shrink of rural settlements. Along the urban-rural gradient, PG and NG showed similar mono-peaked patterns. The urban fringe zone with a consistent width of about 4 km was identified as the hot zone of both PG and NG over the three unequal periods. For both PG and NG, high-rated changes tended to exhibit more aggregative patterns along the gradient in the urban fringe zone. Settlement changes showed apparent anisotropy across directions. The directional distribution of PG was significantly negatively correlated to the topographic variables, suggesting that the mountains constrained urban expansion in an “area-weighted inverse-distance power” form. Significant correlation between PG and NG in a time-lagged manner showed the “increase–decrease” fluctuation occurred in settlement changes, reflecting the “urban expansion–land reconfiguration” process in rapid urbanization in Nanjing.     

基于扩张观测器的倾转旋翼无人机非线性滑模姿态控制

倾转旋翼无人机具有垂直起降和长续航的特点,其潜在的应用前景受到了广泛的关注。但倾转旋翼无人机存在强耦合、非线性和扰动不匹配等问题,这给其姿态控制器设计带来了很大的挑战。本文基于改进的自抗扰算法,将扩展状态观测器(ESO)与非线性滑模控制(NSMC)相结合,利用ESO-NSMC(ENC)设计了倾转旋翼无人机姿态控制器,建立了倾转旋翼无人机六自由度非线性数学模型,利用扩张状态观测器对系统的状态和扰动进行估计,设计了非线性滑模控制器以实现有限时间收敛。仿真结果表明,与RSM相比,ENC在悬停、前飞和过渡模式下的平均收敛时间提升率为58.6 %、19.6 %和3.28 %,抗干扰能力分别提升83.5 %、25.6 %和66.4 %,证明该方法具有较好的控制效果和鲁棒性。     

Treating n-butane by activated carbon and metal oxides

In order to reduce environmental pollution and regulatory issues, the adsorption of n-butane from vehicle exhaust is one of the necessary requirements. When active carbon was mixed with different proportions of metal oxides, the adsorption capacity of n-butane was markedly improved. Infrared spectroscopy data provided information on functional groups derived from activated carbon composite metal oxide indicating that one of the best adsorption capacities for n-butane was obtained by mixing 3 g TiO₂, 2.7 g CuO, and 2.1 g NaBO₃·4H₂O with 30 g activated carbon. However, more effective results were obtained by mixing 6 g TiO₂, 2.1 g CuO, and 0.9 g NaBO₃·4H₂O with 30 g activated carbon. Data suggest that these chemical complexes may be effective in lowering n-butane pollution.     

2013年6月江苏一次大气污染过程分析

研究了2013年6月在江苏范围内的一次污染天气过程。6月10—22日期间,江苏省13个省辖城市均出现不同程度的轻度污染以上天气,个别城市甚至达到重度或严重污染,根据后向轨迹模型、颗粒物离子浓度的分析可见,这是一次局地秸秆焚烧所引起,加之不利的气象条件所形成的区域污染过程,根据监测结果详细阐述此次污染的变化特征及成因机制,并分析提出相应的对策及建议。     

三峡水库干流氮和磷含量的季节变化

三峡水库成库后对6个水平断面、4个垂直断面采样分析,对水体水质参数、不同化学形态N以及不同物理形态P的水平分布和垂直分布进行了研究。研究结果表明,成库后TP、NH3-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、IN含量范围分别在0.06～0.34、0.01～0.72、0.002～0.100、0.76～2.09、0.855～2.52 mg/L。TP分布为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,受悬浮物沉降的影响,TP在水库区域含量低于上游区。枯水期、平水期水体中TP以可溶解态为主,丰水期以颗粒态为主。NO2--N、NO3--N、IN含量均为平水期>枯水期>丰水期。水体中IN以NO3--N为主,占IN70%～90%。NO2--N比例最低,占IN3.5%以下。表明水体虽受成库影响流速减缓,但水体依然有较强的自净能力。垂直分布上,TP、IN在3个层次变化不显著,未出现分层现象。各采样站点TP、NO3--N、IN通量和流量有显著相关。     

主成份分析法在二滩水质监测数据综合分析中的应用实例

以二滩水质监测数据为例，运用主成份分析法对大量的水质监测数据进行综合分析。结果表明，影响二滩水库水质质量的主要因素分别为水土流失、水中有机污染、水体富营养化以及人畜粪便污染。通过实例分析可以看出，主成份分析法能够正确而全面地定量化反映出常规统计方法所无法反映的监测数据或监测指标之间内在的关系，在环境监测数据的综合分析中有着其它方法无法比拟的优势。     

火电NOX排放现状与预测及控制对策

系统全面地介绍了我国火电NOx的排放现状，在此基础上从三种不同角度：发电量增长、达标排放、排放绩效对我国未来火电NOx的排放进行了预测，并提出了相关的控制对策。     

油菜/玉米轮作农田土壤呼吸和异养呼吸对秸秆与生物炭还田的响应

土壤呼吸是农田生态系统碳排放的主要途径,为研究土壤呼吸、其组分和水热因子对秸秆与生物炭还田的响应,在重庆国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地采用根系排除法联合运用土壤呼吸自动监测系统(ACE-002/OPZ/SC)测定了无物料还田(CK)、秸秆还田(CS)、秸秆+速腐剂还田(CSD)、生物炭还田(BC)、秸秆+生物炭1∶1还田(CSBC)5种处理下的紫色土丘陵区油菜/玉米轮作制中油菜和玉米生长季的土壤呼吸及其水热因子,并计算了根系呼吸贡献.结果表明,秸秆与生物炭还田显著影响土壤呼吸季节性变化特征和峰值,除BC处理外,其他处理均促进了土壤呼吸和碳排放;油菜季土壤呼吸呈单峰曲线,在0.12~2.29μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)波动,不同处理土壤呼吸差异显著,表现为CSCSDCSBCCKBC处理;玉米季各处理土壤呼吸变化较复杂,变化范围为1.02~15.32μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),其中CS、CSD和CSBC呈双峰型曲线,CK和BC呈单峰曲线.土壤异养呼吸能够解释土壤总呼吸变化的86.50%~93.94%,各处理的玉米季根系呼吸贡献(26.49%~32.86%)显著低于CK处理(53.65%).土壤呼吸速率的变化主要受5cm土壤温度控制,与土壤含水量无显著关系;5cm土壤温度能够解释土壤呼吸季节变化的82%~94%.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数Q10值在3.28~4.47之间,与CK处理相比,CS、CSD、CSBC处理的Q10分别降低了26.62%、18.12%、20.58%;而BC处理则增大了12.53%.水热双因子对土壤呼吸不存在协同作用,仅用土壤温度单因子指数函数可较好地模拟土壤呼吸速率的动态变化.可见,秸秆、秸秆+速腐剂和秸秆+生物炭还田显著促进了土壤呼吸,生物炭还田抑制了土壤呼吸.     

对当前农村环境保护问题的研究

以农村环境保护问题为研究对象,运用归纳、例证等方法对农村环境问题的危害、产生根源、解决措施进行分析.通过分析环境污染与生态破坏制约农业持续发展、威胁农民生命财产安全、扰乱农村稳定,阐明了农村环境问题的危害,指出农村环境问题是"三农"问题的重要内涵.从滥伐、滥牧、粗放式农业生产、城市污染向农村转移及乡村企业污染加剧等方面剖析了农村环境问题的主要根源.提出了我国农村环境保护的主要措施是加强农村环境政策体系创新、城镇化、发展现代生态农业、推进农业集约化经营、多途径有效控制乡村企业污染等.      

Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China

PM2.5,total suspended particles(TSP) and gas phase samples were collected at two sites of Taizhou,a major e-waste dismantling area in China.Concentrations,seasonal variations,congener profiles,gas-particle partitioning and size distribution of the atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) were studied to assess the current state of atmospheric PCBs after the phase out of massive historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes.The average 38PCBs concentration in the ambient air(TSP plus gas phase) near the e-waste dismantling area was(12,407 ± 9592) pg/m3 in winter,which was substantially lower than that found one decade ago.However,the atmospheric PCBs level near the e-waste dismantling area was 54 times of the reference urban site,indicating that the impact of the historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes was still significant.Tri-Penta-CBs were dominant homologues,consisting with their dominant global production.Size distribution of particle-bound PCBs showed that higher chlorinated CBs tended to partition more to the fine particles,facilitating its long range air transportation.