Nitrous oxide fluxes from the littoral zone of a lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) fluxes were measured in six littoral mirco-zones of Lake Huahu on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the peak growing season of years of 2006 and 2007. The weighted mean N(2)O flux rate was 0.08 mg N m(-2) h(-1) (ranged from -0.07 to 0.35 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). The result was relatively high in the scope of N(2)O fluxes from boreal and temperate lakes. Emergent plant zones (Hippuris vulgaris and Glyceria maxima stands) recorded the highest N(2)O flux rate (0.11 ± 0.24 and 0.08 ± 0.17 mg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively). Non-vegetated lakeshore recorded the lowest N(2)O flux (0.03 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), lower than that from the floating mat zone of Carex muliensis (0.05 ± 0.18 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), the floating-leaved plant zone of Polygonum amphibium (0.07 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), and the wet meadow (0.07 ± 0.15 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). Standing water depths were important factors to explain such spatial variations in N(2)O fluxes. Significant temporal variations in N(2)O fluxes were also found. Such temporal variation in N(2)O flux in the littoral zone may be dependent on the interaction of water regime and thermal conditions, instead of the latter solely. These results showed the importance of the littoral zone of lake, especially the emergent plant zone, as a hotspot of N(2)O fluxes in such grazing meadows.     

Ground-high altitude joint detection of ozone and nitrogen oxides in urban areas of Beijing

Based on observational data of ozone(O3) and nitrogen oxide(NOx) mixing ratios on the ground and at high altitude in urban areas of Beijing during a period of six days in November 2011,the temporal and spatial characteristics of mixing ratios were analyzed.The major findings include:urban O3 mixing ratios are low and NOx mixing ratios are always high near the road in November.Vertical variations of the gases are significantly different in and above the planetary boundary layer.The mixing ratio of O3 is negatively correlated with that of NOx and they are positively correlated with air temperature,which is the main factor directly causing vertical variation of O3 and NOx mixing ratios at 600-2100m altitude.The NOx mixing ratios elevated during the heating period,while the O3 mixing ratios decreased:these phenomena are more significant at high altitudes compared to lower altitudes.During November,air masses in the urban areas of Beijing are brought by northwesterly winds,which transport O3 and NOx at low mixing ratios.Due to Beijing’s natural geographical location,northwest air currents are beneficial to the dilution and dispersion of pollutants,which can result in lower O3 and NOx background values in the Beijing urban area.     

6-2氟调醇在活性污泥中的降解

为了解6-2氟调醇(6-2 FTOH)在城市污水处理厂活性污泥中的好氧降解规律,利用室内模拟实验装置,研究了6-2FTOH在未经稀释驯化的活性污泥中的降解动力学及降解产物分布.结果表明,6-2 FTOH能被活性污泥快速吸附并发生降解,降解反应符合一级动力学,半衰期为0.9d.降解产物包括6-2氟调酸(6-2 FTCA)、6-2不饱和氟调酸(6-2 FTUCA)、5-3氟调酸(5-3 FTCA)、5-2s氟调醇(5-2s FTOH)和全氟己酸(PFHxA).第28 d实验结束时,6-2 FTOH残留率为5.5％,6-2 FTCA和6-2 FTUCA的最终产率分别为0和1.2％.5-3FTCA、5-2s FTOH、PFHxA最终产率分别为23.4％、17.6％和1.3％.     

蚯蚓堆肥及蝇蛆生物转化技术在有机废弃物处理应用中的研究进展

有机废弃物处置不当引起的环境污染与潜在资源浪费已引起广泛关注,生物堆肥处理是解决有机废弃物污染与再利用的主要技术手段之一.蚯蚓堆肥和蝇蛆生物转化是废弃物生物处理与利用的两项代表性技术,不仅可将废弃物基质转化为均匀且稳定的类腐殖质化合物,同时收获丰富的虫体蛋白.本文在介绍蚯蚓堆肥和蝇蛆生物转化基本定义与原理的基础上,重点综述了两种技术的工艺过程与机制、影响因素与控制、以及废弃物生物质特性演变规律等;进而阐述了虫体生物量转化、肠道消化分解、生物酶降解、以及微生物区系等多重物理及生化机制共同实现有机废弃物减量化-增值化-稳定化处理的共性与差异,以及工程应用潜力与发展前景.     

二胺基改性有序多孔SBA-15对溶液中Cd2+离子的吸附研究

具有高度有序孔道结构的SBA-15是一种广受关注的新型吸附材料,为增加其对溶液重金属离子的吸附性能,选用水热-后期接枝的合成方法,制备出二胺基改性多孔二氧化硅2N-SBA-15,并用透射电镜、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-解吸和红外光谱等手段对其结构进行了表征.并以其为吸附剂,通过批实验的方法讨论了吸附时间、体系初始pH值、吸附剂用量和温度等因素对水溶液中Cd2+吸附的影响,同时结合Zeta电势和XPS分析对其吸附机制进行了探讨.结果表明,合成的SBA-15具有规则多孔特征,SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附受体系pH控制;未改性的SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附量较小,胺基改性可以显著增强SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附能力.在100 mL 25 mg.L-1的Cd2+溶液中,2N-SBA-15的用量在7.5～20 mg之间均能对Cd2+的吸附能力约达95%左右.2N-SBA-15对溶液中Cd2+的吸附很迅速,并在30 min内达到吸附平衡;随着体系温度从25℃增加到35℃,2N-SBA-15对溶液中Cd2+的吸附率从94.73%增加到98.22%.吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型描述,在298 K时Cd2+的最大吸附量为0.9 mmol.g-1,0.1 mol.L-1HCl溶液对Cd2+的洗脱率接近93%.结合pH、温度、Zeta电势和XPS分析结果,可以推测出2N-SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附机制是包含物理吸附、离子交换和络合反应等的复杂吸附过程.2N-SBA-15是一种对水体Cd2+具有较好吸附能力的吸附材料.     

建筑垃圾再生骨料生产工艺及应用研究

采用进口移动式破碎-磁选-筛分设备,将混凝土类建筑垃圾加工成再生骨料,并掺入制备混凝土、干混砂浆、道路无机混合料。检测结果表明,再生制品性能可满足使用要求,再生骨料替代天然骨料比例可达到50%以上。     

微生物燃料电池型生物毒性传感器对5种典型农药的毒性检测

目前,微生物燃料电池(microbialfuelcell,MFC)型生物毒性传感器被广泛用于检测重金属、氰化物和抗生素等污染物,但将其应用于检测农药的研究极少.为此,探究了MFC型生物毒性传感器对溴氰菊酯、敌百虫、百菌清、莠去津和烟嘧磺隆5种典型农药的检测性能.实验结果表明:这5种典型农药的响应(产电抑制率)均与其浓度的对数呈良好的线性关系,且溴氰菊酯、敌百虫、百菌清、莠去津和烟嘧磺隆使MFC型生物毒性传感器产电抑制率达到10％的质量浓度分别低至0.016、0.070、0.013、0.005和0.033 mg·L-1;中毒后,MFC型生物毒性传感器的恢复时间随农药浓度的增加而延长,但240 min内均可快速恢复稳定;另外,这5种典型农药所配制的不同混合农药的生物毒性均高于单一农药.以上结果表明,MFC型生物毒性传感器对这5种典型农药的响应灵敏,检出限较低且中毒后恢复速度快,具有快速检测和预警水体农药污染的应用潜力.     

辽宁省环境保护产业发展状况--2003年辽宁省环境保护相关产业调查结果分析

文章总结了2003年辽宁省环境保护相关产业调查情况,分析了该省环保产业的基本特点、发展状况和趋势。     

缢蛏对潮间带原油污染的氧化应激及IBR评价

通过研究不同浓度原油污染对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)鳃和内脏团抗氧化酶活性、脂质过氧化及鳃结构的影响,结合综合生物标志物响应(IBR),探讨潮间带原油污染对生物的毒性效应.结果显示:在剂量-效应方面,2种组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和内脏团中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)总体上表现为低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制效应;SOD诱导与过氧化氢酶(CAT)抑制同时出现,规律大致相反.在时间-效应上,SOD活性呈升高-降低-升高的趋势, CAT与GPx呈先降低后升高的趋势;谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)在鳃中呈现先升高后降低的趋势,酶活性最高为371.663U/mgprot.暴露前期(6h)缢蛏2种组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,鳃和内脏团中MDA含量最高值分别为5.030和10.705nmol/mgprot,后期逐渐平稳.IBR结果表明鳃中生物标志物对原油污染敏感度更高.原油暴露会使鳃丝结构发生变形或引起鳃丝脱离等现象.研究表明,缢蛏鳃更适宜作为潮间带原油暴露生物监测与评价的器官.     

Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.