快速城镇化进程中农村生态治理

我国不断加快城镇化的步伐,但在这过程中,农村的生态污染越来越严重,但是往往政府主要将着眼点放在城镇生态环境的建设,对农村生态治理重视不足,因此本文对此展开研究,分析目前农村生态治理面临的形式,探讨生态治理中有哪些问题,并提出相应的解决对策。     

低温结晶净化柠檬酸盐解吸贫液中硫酸根

在柠檬酸盐吸收—解吸脱硫技术中,完成循环吸收过程的吸收液由于烟气杂质催化和高温解吸变成了含低二氧化硫浓度、中高硫酸根浓度、多种有机酸共存的柠檬酸盐解吸贫液,造成吸收效率下降、SO2平衡容量严重降低,必须进行溶液净化,特别是净化硫酸根。针对这一问题,实验室采用低温结晶法净化柠檬酸盐脱硫解吸贫液模拟液,通过对溶液中硫酸根浓度分析,研究了不同反应时间、温度、初始硫酸根浓度、柠檬酸根总浓度和溶液pH对硫酸根去除效率的影响。结果表明,硫酸根去除率与冷冻温度和溶液pH有关。在柠檬酸根总浓度1.5 mol/L,初始硫酸根浓度40 g/L,冷冻温度3℃,pH 4.5的条件下,可将硫酸根净化至16.9 g/L。     

新型三维电极生物膜反应器启动特性

为提高三维电极生物膜工艺(3DEBR)脱氮效率,通过改变反应器内部电极布置形式和极板间距,探讨了新型结构反应器启动运行和反硝化脱氮特性.结果表明,新型结构反应器挂膜迅速,启动快,脱氮效果更高,TN和NO3--N的去除率稳定在94.87%和99%左右;且具有较强的缓冲pH值能力;在一定程度上抑制了NO2--N、NH4+-N的积累以及高电流条件下碳棒的电解.新型结构的反应器能在高电流条件下获得较高的脱氮效率和稳定的出水水质.     

局部包埋ANAMMOX活性填料启动生物滤池

以厌氧氨氧化细菌(AAOB)混培物、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、碳酸钙和粒径2~4 mm的颗粒活性炭作为主要包埋材料,制备出局部包埋ANAMMOX活性填料。研究了该填料在生物滤池启动过程中的运行效果。实验结果表明,局部包埋固定化技术可使生物滤池在较高的水力负荷和高反冲洗强度条件下仍保持稳定的AAOB生物量,滤池中AAOB的比生长速率为0.0027 h-1,经过包埋固定后AAOB的增殖过程不会受到不利的影响且活性恢复较快。滤池内存在反硝化与ANAMMOX耦合的现象。通过监测进出水的pH值变化可快速判断ANAMMOX工艺脱氮负荷的变化情况。用Logistic模型模拟局部包埋ANAMMOX生物滤池细菌增殖规律相关性极强,相关系数R值达0.983。局部包埋固定化技术可以有效地固定AAOB,有助于解决AAOB在大规模工程应用中发生的细菌流失等问题,具有一定的应用前景。     

综采工作面旋转风幕隔尘实验研究

为了研究综采工作面旋转风幕隔尘机理及其隔尘效率,对旋转风幕隔尘下的综采工作面粉尘浓度分布及其隔尘效率开展了模型实验研究。研究结果表明,(1)在相同工况下,旋转风幕对全尘和呼吸性粉尘的隔尘效率高于普通空气幕,且对呼吸性粉尘的隔尘优势更为明显;(2)出口风速对隔尘效果的影响较大,存在一个最佳的出口风速,在该风速下旋转风幕对全尘和呼吸性粉尘均保持较高的隔尘效率;(3)当出口风速低于最佳风速时,旋转风幕对全尘和呼吸性粉尘的隔尘效率均随着风速的增加而显著提高;当出口风速高于最佳风速时,随着出口风速的增加全尘隔尘效率不断下降,且呼吸性粉尘隔尘效率提升不明显;(4)旋转风幕对于不同粒径的粉尘的隔尘效率存在差异,随着粉尘粒径的增加,旋转风幕的隔尘效率不断下降。     

Transformation of dissolved organic matter in a novel groundwater recharge system with reclaimed water

A novel process, enhanced direct injection-well recharge system (EnDir), can overcome the technical difficulties during the application of conventional surface spreading and has been developed to recharge groundwater with reclaimed water. In this study, removal and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the system were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. Results demonstrated that dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane formation potential values could be reduced from 6.54 +/- 1.30 mg/L and 267.9 +/- 24.3 microg/L to 1.59 +/- 0.64 mg/L and 104.5 +/- 10.2 microg/L, respectively, as a result of DOM biodegradation in the aerobic short-term vadose soil treatment. Fluorescence spectra showed that aromatic protein-like substances and soluble microbial byproducts could be removed, to a great extent, in the soil system. Despite different removal efficiencies of DOM in different molecular weight fractions, the residual DOM was composed mainly of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances, with molecular weights of 500 Da to 1 kDa.     

蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)根际耐镉产酸细菌的筛选鉴定及其生物学特性

根际细菌的筛选研究有助于构建有效的植物-微生物联合修复体系.采用稀释平板法从蒌蒿根际土壤中分离耐Cd产酸的根际细菌,并对菌株Pb2+、Cu2+和Sb3+的耐受性,分泌吲哚乙酸(IAA)、铁载体、解磷特性及对土壤中Cd的活化效果进行了测定,基于形态特性、生理生化测定和16S rDNA 序列分析对目标菌株进行了分类鉴定.结果表明,从蒌蒿根际土壤中分离到能耐50 mg/L镉浓度且产酸能力较强的根际细菌1株T3,菌株T3对Pb2+、Cu2+和Sb3+均具一定的耐受性,能分泌一定量的IAA和铁载体,但不具解磷特性,能明显增加土壤中有效态镉的含量,经鉴定可初步确定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).为进一步研究其在蒌蒿修复镉污染土壤中的作用奠定了基础.     

TiO2纳米管催化活性再生处理技术简

采用H₂O₂、Fe₂（SO₄）₃和Fenton溶液对失活的TiO₂纳米管进行再生处理,重点考察了3种溶液的浓度和处理时间等对再生效果的影响,初步分析了经处理后TiO₂纳米管催化活性得到再生或增强的机理。结果表明,经H₂O₂溶液处理后TiO₂催化活性能得到有效再生,经Fe₂（SO₄）₃和Fenton溶液处理后其催化活性不仅得到再生,还能显著增强,这与H₂O₂和Fenton的强氧化作用,及进入TiO₂纳米管的Fe³⁺的阻止电子-空穴对再复合作用有关。     

剩余污泥催化剂的制备及其脱色性能

以焦化废水脱水污泥为载体、ZnCl2为活化剂和催化剂的活性组分,采用一步法制备污泥催化剂。实验结果表明,当ZnCl2浓度为4 mol/L、固液比1∶3、焙烧温度550℃、焙烧时间40 min时,制备的污泥催化剂对亚甲基蓝的脱色性能最佳。利用制备的催化剂对活性红X-3B、弱酸性艳红B、活性蓝X-BR溶液进行脱色处理,研究反应时间、染料浓度、溶液pH、催化剂投加量和H2O2用量对染料脱色性能的影响。最佳条件下,3种废水的脱色率分别达到90.7%、97.5%和94.4%。对脱色数据进行动力学模拟,结果表明,3种染料废水脱色反应分别符合二级动力学模型、一级动力学模型、二级动力学模型。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water from Liaohe River Basin,northeast China

Liaohe River Basin is an important region in northeast China, which consists of several main rivers including Liao River, Taizi river, Daliao River, and Hun River. As a highly industrialized region, the basin receives dense waste discharges, causing severe environmental problems. In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution of aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Liaohe River Basin from 50 sampling sites in both dry (May) and level (October) periods in 2012 was investigated. Sixteen USEPA priority PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography/mass selective detector. The total PAH concentration ranged from 111.8 to 2,931.6 ng/L in the dry period and from 94.8 to 2766.0 ng/L in the level period, respectively. As for the spatial distribution, the mean concentration of PAHs followed the order of Taizi River > Daliao River > Hun River > Liao River, showing higher concentrations close to large cities with dense industries. The composition and possible sources of PAHs in the water samples were also determined. The fractions of low molecular weight PAHs ranged from 58.2 to 93.3 %, indicating the influence of low or moderate temperature combustion process. Diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to study the possible source categories in the study area, and consistent results were obtained from different techniques, that PAHs in water samples mainly originated from complex sources, i.e., both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (EBaP) characterizing the ecological risk of PAHs to the aquatic environment suggested that PAHs in Liaohe River Basin had already caused environmental health risks.