土壤农用地膜微生物降解研究进展

地膜可保持土壤湿度,调节土壤温度及限制杂草生长从而促进农作物增产,在现代农业生产中具有不可或缺的作用.然而,地膜主要成分聚乙烯（PE）性质稳定,难以降解,极易在农田土壤中残留并积累.此外,地膜在生产过程中添加邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）作为塑化剂,该类有机物极易在土壤和水体环境中积累和迁移,且生物毒性大,对生态环境、粮食安全和人体健康构成极大威胁.聚乙烯和邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染是土壤有机污染治理的重点和难点.因此,农用地膜污染土壤修复是环境科学研究的重要课题,亦是作物生产安全和人类健康的重要保障.微生物降解的生物修复较物理化学技术具有效率高、无二次污染、成本低、环境扰动小等优点,具有广泛应用前景.由此,本文综述农用地膜使用和土壤残留现状及其生物降解的研究进展,以期为地膜污染农田土壤的生物修复提供基础信息和技术参考.     

The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the freezing processes of water

This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics (on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.     

稠油废水处理工艺研究

介绍了稠油废水的来源与性质,提出3种处理技术,即"水解酸化-接触氧化-臭氧催化氧化",出水CODCr为48.6 mg/L,去除率达到86.55%,处理成本为6.03元/m3;"活性焦预吸附-厌氧-固定化微生物BAF-活性焦后吸附",出水CODCr为40.2 mg/L,去除率达到88.97%,处理成本为5.45元/m3;"强化絮凝-活性污泥MBR",出水CODCr为36.8 mg/L,去除率达到82.64%,处理成本为5.76元/m3。第2种工艺处理效率与处理成本略优。     

1961—2013年辽宁省不同等级霾现象时空分布特征及其气候成因

利用辽宁省52个地面气象观测站的观测资料,对辽宁省不同等级霾日时空变化特征和气候成因进行分析.结果表明,辽宁省霾日在空间上存在一个高值中心(沈阳)和两个副高值中心(锦州西南部和朝阳东部),年平均霾日在50 d以上,辽西山区和东北部山区年平均霾日最少在10 d以下.辽宁省霾日主要集中在冬秋季,占全年霾日60%以上,夏季次之,春季最少;1961—2013年辽宁省平均霾日呈明显增加趋势(3.5d/10 a),轻微霾日、轻度霾日和中度霾日也呈显著增加趋势,重度霾日无明显变化.不利的气候条件加剧了霾日的出现,霾日数与降水日数呈显著负相关,降水日数的显著减少(-2.6 d/10 a)导致大气对污染物的沉降能力减弱,而静风日数增加(5.1 d/10 a)、年平均风速减小(-0.2m·s-1/10 a)和大风日数的减少(-10.1 d/10 a)则使得空气中污染物不易扩散,增加了霾天气形成的概率.     

四川省秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单及时空分布特征

根据收集的活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了四川省2012年秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单,并分析了污染排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,2012年四川省秸秆露天焚烧共排放SO2、NOx、NH3、CH4、NMVOC、CO、PM2.5、EC以及OC分别为1 210、12 185、2 827、20 659、40 463、292 671、39 277、1 984以及10 215 t;水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜是四大主要的焚烧作物秸秆,对污染物的总贡献率约为88%~94%;秸秆露天焚烧受农作收获的影响,全年的排放主要集中在7~8月,而5月是上半年的一个排放小高峰;秸秆焚烧排放的高值地区主要分布在成都平原、川北地区以及川南地区,川西地区排放分布相对较少;本清单的不确定性主要来自排放因子及秸秆焚烧量.     

A review of Space-Air-Ground integrated remote sensing techniques for atmospheric monitoring

Currently, the three-dimensional (3D) distribution and characteristics of air pollution cannot be understood based on the application of any single atmospheric monitoring technology. Long-term, high-precision and large-scale 3D atmospheric monitoring might become practical by combining heterogeneous modern technologies; for this purpose, the SpaceAir-Ground integrated system is a promising concept. In this system, optical remote sensing technologies employing fixed or mobile platforms are used a...     

La/Ce-codoped Bi2O3 composite photocatalysts with high photocatalytic performance in removal of high concentration dye

A series of La/Ce-codoped Bi_2O_3 composite photocatalysts were fabricated via hydrothermal–calcination process. The as-prepared products were intensively characterized by some physicochemical characterizations like N_2 physical adsorption, X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance(UV–Vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),photoelectrochemical measurements, and photoluminescence(PL) spectroscopy. The characterization results indicated that La and Ce doping induced obvious crystal phase transformation in Bi_2O_3, from monoclinic to tetragonal phase. La and Ce codoping also gave rise to the obvious synergetic effects, e.g., the lattice contraction of Bi_2O_3, the decrease of crystal size and the increase of surface area. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared catalysts was evaluated by removal of dye acid orange II with high concentration under visible light irradiation. Results showed that La/Ce-codoped Bi_2O_3 displayed much higher photocatalytic performance than that of bare Bi_2O_3, single La or Ce doped Bi_2O_3 samples. The superior photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the improved texture and surface properties and the synergistic effects of La and Ce codoping on suppressing the recombination of photo-generated electrons(e~-) and holes(h~+).     

温度对SBR生物脱氮效能及胞外聚合物的影响

本实验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用3组SBR反应器(R_(15℃)、R_(25℃)、R_(35℃)),重点考察了温度对生物脱氮效能、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量及其组分[蛋白质(PN)、多糖(PS)和核酸(DNA)]的影响.结果表明,高温条件有利于促进亚硝酸型生物脱氮体系的建立,显著提高氨氮去除性能.温度对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着温度的升高,EPS和TB-EPS含量逐渐降低,而LB-EPS含量逐渐升高,EPS以TB-EPS为主(占69.0%~79.5%),但TB-EPS/LB-EPS比值随着温度升高逐渐降低[3.8(15℃)→3.6(25℃)→2.2(35℃)].在EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PN和DNA含量随着温度升高而降低,LB-EPS和EPS中PS含量随温度升高而增加.而TB-EPS中PS含量随温度升高而降低,且25℃是各组分浓度变化重要折点.在15℃和25℃时,PN为TB-EPS和LB-EPS的主要成分,PS次之,DNA最少,35℃时,PS成为主要成分,PN次之,DNA最少.此外,本研究也发现,在15℃和25℃时,EPS含量在硝化过程中逐渐增大,反硝化过程中逐渐降低.     

苏锡常地区PM2.5污染特征及其潜在源区分析

利用2014年12月—2015年11月苏锡常地区国控大气环境质量监测站发布的逐时数据,分析了研究区PM_(2.5)浓度的季节变化和空间分布特征,并利用HYSPLIT模型分析了大气污染物的输送路径及苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)的潜在源区.结果表明,苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)浓度日均值变化趋势基本一致,均呈现冬季高、夏季低的规律.PM_(2.5)浓度四季空间差异显著,不同监测站之间的差异较小.四季PM_(2.5)浓度与其它污染物之间相关性显著.单位面积污染物排放量与空气质量分布的空间错位,表明该地区PM_(2.5)污染与区域性污染物迁移有较大关系.苏锡常地区气流后向轨迹季节变化特征明显,冬、春、秋季的气流主要来自西北内陆地区,夏季气流以东南和西南方向输入居多.聚类分析表明,来自内陆的污染气流和来自海洋的清洁气流是苏锡常地区两种主要输送类型,外源污染气流不仅直接输送颗粒物,还贡献了大量的气态污染物.山东南部、江苏西部、安徽东部、浙江北部及江西西北地区对苏锡常冬季PM_(2.5)浓度贡献较大,春、夏、秋季的潜在源区主要分布在苏锡常本地和周边城市.     

Determination of hexabromocyclododecanes in sediments from the Haihe River in China by an optimized HPLC–MS–MS method

Hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDs),a new type of persistent organic pollutants widely used as brominated flame retardants,have attracted wide attention due to their increasing level and toxicity. A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry(HPLC–MS–MS)in electrospray ionization mode has been developed by optimization of various parameters,which effectively improved the separation degree and responsive intensity of α-,β-and γ-HBCD isomers. The concentrations and distribution profiles of three HBCD isomers were investigated in sediments from the Haihe River in China.It was observed that the concentrations of HBCDs varied in the range of 0.4–58.82 ng/g,showing a decreasing trend along the flow direction,possibly due to attenuation and biodegradation along the flow direction of the Haihe River. The distribution profile of α-,β-,γ-HBCD was 7.91%–88.6%,0–91.47%,and 0.62%–42.83%,respectively. Interestingly,α-HBCD dominated in most sample sites. This was different from the distribution profile in commercial industrial products,which might be attributed to the inter-transformation and different degradation rates of the three HBCD isomers. The potential ecological risk of HBCDs in sediment was characterized under the two-tiered procedure of the European Medicines Evaluation Agency for environmental risk assessment. Although the HBCDs in the selected section of the Haihe River presented "no risk" in the sediment compartment,its risk in sediment cannot be neglected since sediment is one of the important sinks and reservoirs of pollutants.