太子河洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度评估

基于对太子河流域鱼类及栖息地的调查研究,选择该流域的优势种洛氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)作为指示生物,建立洛氏鱥幼鱼对水深、流速、溶解氧、总溶解颗粒物和河岸带植被指数的栖息地适宜度曲线,并借鉴河道内流量增量法计算各采样点河段的洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数。结果表明:洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数在太子河上游较高(>0.5),中游次之(0.2-0.5),下游较低(<0.2)。洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数与10项栖息地调查指标和土地利用类型的相关性分析表明:太子河流域内限制洛氏鱥幼鱼生存的因素不是水文条件,而是河流水质及河岸带等环境因素;洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数受人类活动影响较大,随着太子河中下游人类开发强度加大,洛氏鱥栖息地质量呈下降趋势。     

Effects of effluent organic matters on endocrine disrupting chemical removal by ultrafiltration and ozonation in synthetic secondary effluent

Endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) in the secondary effluent discharged from wastewater treatment plants are of great concern when water reuse is intended. Ozonation and ultrafiltration(UF) are powerful technologies reported to eliminate EDCs. Due to the importance of effluent organic matters(EfOMs) in secondary effluent, the effects of three kinds of EfOM on the treatment of five EDCs using ozonation and UF were investigated. The three kinds of EfOM studied were humic acid sodium salt(NaAH), bovine serum albumin(BSA)and sodium alginate(NaAg); and the five EDCs were estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol and bisphenol A. The results showed that EfOM accelerated the decay rate of ozone and inhibited the degradation efficiency of EDCs by ozonation in the order NaAH BSA NaAg.The ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm(UVA_(280)) has potential for use as a surrogate indicator to assess EDC removal via ozonation without conducting difficult EDC analyses. When the decline in UVA_(280) exceeded 18%, the five EDCs had been completely removed. The UF behavior of NaAH,BSA and NaAg was found to follow the cake filtration law. The fouling potential of EfOM followed the order NaAg NaAH BSA; while EfOM on the membrane surface enhanced EDC removal in the order NaAH BSA NaAg. The mean retention rate of the membrane was increased by 24%, 10% and 8%, respectively. The properties of EDCs and EfOM cakes both influenced the EDC removal rates due to adsorption, size exclusion and charge attraction.     

Efficient degradation of drug ibuprofen through catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate by Fe3C embedded on carbon

Ibuprofen(IBU),a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,is becoming an important member of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)as emerging pollutants.To degrade IBU,magnetic Fe_3C nanoparticles embedded on N-doped carbon(Fe_3C/NC)were prepared as a catalyst by a sol–gel combustion method.As characterized,the Fe_3C/NC nanoparticles were composed of a NC nano-sheet and capsulated Fe_3C particles on the sheet.The Fe_3C/NC nanoparticles were confirmed an efficient catalyst for peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation to generate sulfate radicals(SO_4~(·-)),single oxygen(~1O_2)and hydroxyl radicals(·OH)toward the degradation of IBU.The added IBU(10 mg/L)was almost completely removed in 30 min by using 0.1 g/L Fe_3C/NC and 2 g/L PMS.The catalyst was confirmed to have good ability and excellent reusability through leaching measurements and cycle experiments.A catalytic mechanism was proposed for the catalytic activation of PMS on Fe_3C/NC,which involves both Fe_3C reactive sites and N-doped carbon matrix as reactive sites in Fe_3C/NC.Moreover,the degradation pathway of IBU in the Fe_3C/NC-PMS system was proposed according to the detections of degradation intermediates.     

Effects of protein properties on ultrafiltration membrane fouling performance in water treatment

Protein-like substances always induce severe ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling. To systematically understand the effect of proteins, regenerated cellulose UF membrane (commonly used for protein separation) performance was investigated in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) under various water conditions. Results showed that although trypsin enhanced the membrane flux via proteolysis, catalysis took a long time. Membrane fouling was alleviated at high solution pH and low water temperature owing to the strong electrostatic repulsion force among BSA molecules. Both Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ could increase membrane flux. However, Ca²⁺ played a bridging role between adjacent BSA molecules, whereas membrane fouling was alleviated via a hydration repulsion force with Na⁺. The order of influence on membrane fouling was as follows: Ca²⁺ concentration > Na⁺ concentration > pH > temperature > trypsin concentration. Furthermore, a polyvinylidene fluoride UF membrane experiment showed that Ca²⁺ could reduce the fouling induced by BSA. Thus, the differences in UF membrane performance will have application potential for alleviating UF membrane fouling induced by proteins during water treatment.     

Comparative toxicity study of a novel non-ionic surfactant, vanillin ethoxylates, and nonylphenol ethoxylates in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro

Surfactants such as alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are commonly used worldwide, but the majority of these compounds, together with their metabolites, have been reported to induce severe biological toxicity. Here, we evaluated for the first time the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mitochondrial damage in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells caused by a novel non-ionic surfactant, vanillin ethoxylates (VAEOs), an alternative to APEOs. In parallel, the same in vitro bioassays were conducted on NPEOs along with their metabolic byproducts 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and vanillin. The results showed that the cytotoxic potency order was NPEOs?>?4-NP?>?VAEOs > vanillin using CCK-8 assays. Also, 4-NP showed potential direct DNA damage in SOS/umu tests, whereas NPEOs, VAEOs and vanillin showed no positive result with and without S9 addition. In addition, none of the test compounds showed obvious genotoxic effects with low olive tail moment value using comet assays. However, all test compounds were shown to cause mitochondrial impairment by increasing mitochondrial mass and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration-dependent manner. And further analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (MNSOD) measurement showed that mitochondrial impairment was induced by oxidative stress with intracellular ROS and MNSOD overproduction. It's worth noting that VAEOs and vanillin cause relative lower cytotoxic, genotoxic and mitochondrial damage effects than NPEOs and 4-NP, indicating that VAEOs have the potential to substitute NPEOs as suitable surfactants. Take together, this study elucidates the toxicity profiles of VAEOs and NPEOs relatively comprehensively, and further toxicity analyses are suggested in the population, community and ecosystem.     

Synergetic PM2.5 and O3 control strategy for the Yangtze River Delta, China

PM_2.5 concentrations have dramatically reduced in key regions of China during the period 2013–2017, while O₃ has increased. Hence there is an urgent demand to develop a synergetic regional PM_2.5 and O₃ control strategy. This study develops an emission-to-concentration response surface model and proposes a synergetic pathway for PM_2.5 and O₃ control in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) based on the framework of the Air Benefit and Cost and Attainment Assessment System (ABaCAS). Results suggest that the regional emissions of NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and primary PM_2.5 should be reduced by 18%, 23%, 14%, 17% and 33% compared with 2017 to achieve 25% and 5% decreases of PM_2.5 and O₃ in 2025, and that the emission reduction ratios will need to be 50%, 26%, 28%, 28% and 55% to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. To effectively reduce the O₃ pollution in the central and eastern YRD, VOCs controls need to be strengthened to reduce O₃ by 5%, and then NOx reduction should be accelerated for air quality attainment. Meanwhile, control of primary PM_2.5 emissions shall be prioritized to address the severe PM_2.5 pollution in the northern YRD. For most cities in the YRD, the VOCs emission reduction ratio should be higher than that for NOx in Spring and Autumn. NOx control should be increased in summer rather than winter when a strong VOC-limited regime occurs. Besides, regarding the emission control of industrial processes, on-road vehicle and residential sources shall be prioritized and the joint control area should be enlarged to include Shandong, Jiangxi and Hubei Province for effective O₃ control.     

石灰、羟基磷灰石、秸秆生物炭对烟草吸收镉的影响

烟草是我国重要经济作物且极易吸收镉(Cd),如何降低烟草Cd含量已引起广泛关注。通过盆栽实验,在Cd(0.83 mg·kg^(-1)和12 mg·kg(-1)和12 mg·kg^(-1))污染土壤中添加2 g·kg(-1))污染土壤中添加2 g·kg^(-1)或16 g·kg(-1)或16 g·kg^(-1)石灰(Ca(OH)_2)、羟基磷灰石(HAP)或秸秆生物炭,分析3种钝化材料对土壤Cd的钝化效率及烟草Cd吸收的降低效率。结果表明：(1)种植60 d后,施用16 g·kg(-1)石灰(Ca(OH)_2)、羟基磷灰石(HAP)或秸秆生物炭,分析3种钝化材料对土壤Cd的钝化效率及烟草Cd吸收的降低效率。结果表明：(1)种植60 d后,施用16 g·kg^(-1)石灰或HAP均显著(P<0.05)提高土壤pH值,轻微(0.83 mg·kg(-1)石灰或HAP均显著(P<0.05)提高土壤pH值,轻微(0.83 mg·kg^(-1)Cd)、中度(12 mg·kg(-1)Cd)、中度(12 mg·kg^(-1)Cd)Cd污染土壤pH值分别提高1.98～2.84和1.99～3.06;(2)3种钝化材料均使土壤Cd有效态含量降低,其中,16 g·kg(-1)Cd)Cd污染土壤pH值分别提高1.98～2.84和1.99～3.06;(2)3种钝化材料均使土壤Cd有效态含量降低,其中,16 g·kg^(-1)石灰使土壤Cd有效态含量降低69.7%～71.5%;(3)生物炭(2 g·kg(-1)石灰使土壤Cd有效态含量降低69.7%～71.5%;(3)生物炭(2 g·kg^(-1)和16 g·kg(-1)和16 g·kg^(-1))显著(P<0.05)提高烟草生物量且降低烟草Cd含量,轻微、中度Cd污染土壤烟草生物量分别提高5.07倍～18.5倍和5.00倍～29.7倍,烟草根、茎、叶Cd含量分别降低68.7%～74.6%、32.1%～50.7%、70.2%～82.5%(轻微)和68.7%～74.6%、51.4%～59.3%、33.2%～46.5%(中度),根、茎、叶Cd富集系数亦显著降低,根(Cd_(0.83):122降至31～38.1,Cd_(12):24.7降至12.2～16.8),茎(Cd_(0.83):203降至35.6～60.6,Cd_(12):41.7降至17.6～23.1),叶(Cd_(0.83):247降至100～120,Cd_(12):48.6降至26.0～32.5);(4)溶液吸附实验发现,HAP和生物炭均通过表面吸附Cd(-1))显著(P<0.05)提高烟草生物量且降低烟草Cd含量,轻微、中度Cd污染土壤烟草生物量分别提高5.07倍～18.5倍和5.00倍～29.7倍,烟草根、茎、叶Cd含量分别降低68.7%～74.6%、32.1%～50.7%、70.2%～82.5%(轻微)和68.7%～74.6%、51.4%～59.3%、33.2%～46.5%(中度),根、茎、叶Cd富集系数亦显著降低,根(Cd_(0.83):122降至31～38.1,Cd_(12):24.7降至12.2～16.8),茎(Cd_(0.83):203降至35.6～60.6,Cd_(12):41.7降至17.6～23.1),叶(Cd_(0.83):247降至100～120,Cd_(12):48.6降至26.0～32.5);(4)溶液吸附实验发现,HAP和生物炭均通过表面吸附Cd⁽²⁺⁾,且该吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,表明在钝化过程中这2种钝化剂与Cd(2+),且该吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,表明在钝化过程中这2种钝化剂与Cd⁽²⁺⁾发生键能结合的化学吸附。研究表明,3种钝化剂在同等剂量水平下,生物炭提高烟草生物量且降低Cd吸收最显著,可优先选作降低烟草Cd吸收的钝化剂。     

Association between noise exposure and atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Noise has become an important environmental risk factor. Some studies have shown that exposure to noise can cause coronary artery disease, high blood...     

SiO_2-NH_2/Fe_3O_4的制备及制药废水的深度处理

以溶剂热法制备Fe_3O_4磁性粒子,通过改良的St?ber法在其上包覆Si O_2,并用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷对表面进行氨基修饰,制得Si O_2-NH_2/Fe_3O_4磁性复合材料,并将其用于制药废水二级出水的吸附处理(吸附剂投加量1 g/L、吸附时间120 min)。表征结果显示:Si O_2-NH_2/Fe_3O_4为粒径(510.0±3.6)nm的球形粒子。实验结果表明:在废水p H为5时,Si O_2-NH_2/Fe_3O_4对TOC、蛋白质、腐殖酸的吸附效果最佳,三者的去除率分别达44.14%,35.58%,33.07%,与Fe_3O_4相比分别提高了25.27,21.76,21.05百分点;废水p H为6时,Si O_2-NH_2/Fe_3O_4对多糖和色度的去除效果最佳,二者的去除率分别达26.03%和62.94%,与Fe_3O_4的最高去除率(p H=5时)相比分别提高了17.84百分点和22.45百分点;Si O_2-NH_2/Fe_3O_4重复使用4次,TOC和色度去除率均达初次使用时的87%以上。     

黄淮流域夏半年旱涝概率时空分布的研究

利用Γ分布模式拟合区域降水百分率的概率分布,由此推求黄淮流域夏半年（４～１０月）旱涝概率,并探讨该区出现各级旱涝概率的时空分布特征。结果表明,该方法具有相当的客观性,为旱涝灾害研究提供了一条新途径。各级旱涝概率的空间分布反映了各地旱涝频发程度的区域特征和季节变动,揭示了大旱大涝灾害的脆弱区分布特点。文中推导的区域旱涝概率与Γ分布参数α的经验关系,为推断无资料地区旱涝概率提供了可能性。