Assessment of the sources and transformations of nitrogen in a plain river network region using a stable isotope approach

The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen(N)processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regions. By combining isotopic data with chemical and hydrologic measurements, we determined the relative importance of N sources and biogeochemical N processes in the Taige River in the East Plain Region of China. The river was polluted more seriously by anthropogenic inputs in winter than in summer. Manure and urban sewage effluent were the main nitrate(NO-3) sources, with the nitrification of N-containing organic materials serving as another important source of NO-3. In the downstream, with minor variations in hydrological conditions, nitrification played a more important role than assimilation for the decreasing ammonium(NH+4-N) concentrations.The N isotopic enrichment factors(ε) during NH+4utilization ranged from- 13.88‰ in March to- 29.00‰ in July. The ratio of the increase in δ18O and δ15N of river NO-3in the downstream was 1.04 in January and 0.92 in March. This ratio indicated that NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was responsible for the increasing δ15N and δ18O values of NO-3in winter. The relationships between δ15N of particulate organic nitrogen and isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen indicated that the phytoplankton in the Taige River probably utilized NH+4preferentially and mainly in summer, while in winter, NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was dominant.     

Continuous desulfurization and bacterial community structure of an integrated bioreactor developed to treat SO2 from a gas stream

Sulfide dioxide(SO2) is often released during the combustion processes of fossil fuels. An integrated bioreactor with two sections, namely, a suspended zone(SZ) and immobilized zone(IZ), was applied to treat SO2 for 6 months. Sampling ports were set in both sections to investigate the performance and microbial characteristics of the integrated bioreactor. SO2 was effectively removed by the synergistic effect of the SZ and IZ, and more than 85%removal efficiency was achieved at steady state. The average elimination capacity of SO2 in the bioreactor was 2.80 g/(m3·hr) for the SZ and 1.50 g/(m3· hr) for the IZ. Most SO2 was eliminated in the SZ. The liquid level of the SZ and the water content ratio of the packing material in the IZ affected SO2 removal efficiency. The SZ served a key function not only in SO2 elimination, but also in moisture maintenance for the IZ. The desired water content in IZ could be feasibly maintained without any additional pre-humidification facilities. Clone libraries of 16 S r DNA directly amplified from the DNA of each sample were constructed and sequenced to analyze the community composition and diversity in the individual zones.The desulfurization bacteria dominated both zones. Paenibacillus sp. was present in both zones, whereas Ralstonia sp. existed only in the SZ. The transfer of SO2 to the SZ involved dissolution in the nutrient solution and biodegradation by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.This work presents a potential biological treatment method for waste gases containing hydrophilic compounds.     

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统是在绿潮应急遥感监测技术、应急快速漂移预测等技术研究的基础上,基于GIS技术构建了集绿潮遥感信息解译和提取、多源监测数据融合、快速漂移预测和预警产品制作和发布综合业务化平台。在应急遥感监测数据提取方面主要研发了信息提取准自动化技术和多源多时间窗的绿潮监测数据融合技术;在应急预测技术方面主要基于精细化大气和海洋环境动力场,研发了绿潮快速应急漂移预测模型,并通过海上和后报实验提高模拟精度。本系统服务于国家海洋局和政府防灾减灾应急部门,为海上运动、水产养殖、滨海旅游、交通运输、渔业生产等涉海活动和海洋管理提供了科学可靠的技术保障,特别在2008年奥运会帆船/板赛和2012年亚洲沙滩运动会的绿潮监测和预测预警保障工作中发挥了重要的作用,具有巨大的社会、经济和生态效益。     

基于星载SAR影像的海面溢油业务化监测系统

为提高溢油业务化监测精度和效率,基于海面油膜成像机理和检测难点,设计了海洋溢油业务化监测流程。研发了溢油SAR卫星遥感业务化监测系统,系统集成了SAR图像处理算法和暗区特征打分法,实现了SAR影像处理、溢油信息提取和溢油监测报告制作等功能。系统已应用到业务化监测中,可为溢油应急处置提供决策支持。     

疏浚过程中的环境影响分析及其对策研究

环保疏浚因能将水体的污染底泥彻底去除,消除影响水质的潜在因素,从而成为治理水体的一项重要措施。但是,环保疏浚工程中扰动污染底泥、污染底泥处置不当等会导致环境的二次污染。各项减少底泥扰动以及底泥的资源化利用技术成为研究热点。减少污染底泥扰动主要是通过改进疏浚设备工艺来实现,目前国内主要采用的环保疏浚设备是绞吸式挖泥船与环保绞刀。底泥的资源化利用不但可以改善其对环境的二次污染,而且可变废为宝,增加资源,目前资源化利用途径主要有土地利用、建筑材料、填方材料、污水处理材料、制氢技术等。     

消油剂与120#燃料油对马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pul-cherrimus)抗氧化酶活性的影响

在溢油事故应急处置中,消油剂的使用备受争议。为探究消油剂和溢油对海洋底栖模式生物海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)复合毒性效应,通过WAFs(Water-accommodated fractions)和CEWAFs(Chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions)的96 h暴露实验,测定海胆肠和性腺中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性的变化。实验结果表明:随油水配比浓度的增加,4种酶活性呈现先升高后降低趋势,且酶活性峰值均极显著高于海水对照组水平(P0.01)。肠中4种酶活性最大诱导倍数均高于性腺。相同暴露浓度下,CEWAFs组4种酶活性诱导程度均高于WAFs组。消油剂对照组和海水对照组间4种酶活性则无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

氰戊菊酯生理毒物代谢动力学模型的建立

利用生理毒物代谢动力学(PBTK)对小鼠静脉注射农药氰戊菊酯后,氰戊菊酯在体内分布转化代谢过程进行模拟,为评价农药暴露风险提供依据。小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯的PBTK模型构建分为5个房室:肝脏、肺、肾脏、充分灌注室和不充分灌注室,各房室内氰戊菊酯的浓度变化率由质量守恒微分方程表示。根据欧拉数值计算方法,对小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯后的毒物代谢动力学数据进行模拟。结果模拟预测了小鼠静脉注射0.5 mg·kg-1、2.5 mg·kg-1、10 mg·kg-1氰戊菊酯后血液、肝脏和肺中氰戊菊酯浓度变化曲线。为验证该模型的准确性,对小鼠静脉注射0.77 mg·kg-1氰戊菊酯后血液、肝脏和肺中氰戊菊酯的浓度值变化模拟值与前人的实验测量值进行比较,结果显示模拟值与实验值之间不存在显著性差异。因此利用该方法可以估测小鼠静脉注射氰戊菊酯的毒物代谢动力学数据,为评估农药暴露体内剂量数据提供了便利途径。     

四川省房屋数据空间化及在芦山7.0级地震灾情快速评估中的应用

在四川省城乡布局和经济分区的基础上,通过308个房屋数据抽样点(1 km×1 km)并结合土地利用数据,建立分类的房屋数据空间化模型。将其结果应用到芦山7.0级地震震例中,得到以下结论:灾区毁坏与严重破坏房屋数量591 077间,误差为4.1%;房屋直接经济损失估算259.6~300亿元,误差为4.5%~10.2%;死亡人数误差为26.0%~71.9%;受伤人数误差12.7%~22.3%。结果表明:提出的房屋空间化方法较好地体现了实际房屋分布情况,为建立大区域的房屋空间数据提供了途径。用该数据评估得到的灾区房屋倒损、人员伤亡、经济损失数据有较高的可信度。在此基础上以房屋倒损结构类型和面积为指标划分救援区域,为救援力量的合理部署提供依据。     

石化企业环境管理体系能源管理探讨

分析了石化企业环境管理体系运行中的能源管理现状,结合环境管理体系与能源管理体系关系,依托能源管理体系的思路和方法,对环境管理体系中的能源管理进行了探讨.