Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

经济植物复层栽培对三峡库区水土保持和移民经济的作用

三峡库区森林覆盖率低，水土流失严重。三峡工程兴建后，由于大量耕地被淹，移民后靠，库区的生态环境与移民经济之间的矛盾将会更加突出。本文提出了经济植物复层栽培方法，对其在减少库区水土流失、改善库区生态环境和解决库区移民经济方面的作用作了全面的论述。经济植物复层栽培是解决三峡库区生态环境和移民经济的基本途径，采用扩大种植农作物的方法来解决三峡库区移民经济问题将会加剧水土流失，使生态环境更加恶化。     

微污染水源水中磷的去除

微量和限量的有毒有害有机污染物和城市污水中的氮磷进入水体，使饮用水水源受到轻度污染，这不仅威肋了人类的健康，也对传统净水工艺提出挑战。研究了电凝聚法对微污染水中磷的去除效果，并探讨了电流密度、电解时间、pH值等主要因素对除磷效果的影响。     

垃圾渗滤液中同步硝化反硝化的研究

对深圳市一坪垃圾填埋场渗滤液中同步硝化反硝化进行了深入研究，从理论方面综述了脱氮中同步硝化反硝化等技术的进展，分析了COD、DO、NH3-N对同步硝化反硝化所产生的影响，提出了在研究中发现的问题和需要努力加强的研究方向。     

智能交通与中国的交通安全

在交通运输中 ,安全是最重要的因素。近年来 ,中国交通运输事业的快速发展 ,给人民的生活带来诸多便利 ,但当前的交通安全状况却不容乐观 ,交通事故频繁发生 ,事故死亡人数逐年上升。智能交通系统是一个高科技集成系统 ,它综合运用各种高新技术于整个交通管理系统之中 ,可以系统、全面、高效地提高交通运输的安全性。笔者研究了我国的交通安全问题 ,尤其是公路交通安全问题 ,阐明了如何应用智能交通系统 ,有效地减少交通事故 ,改善交通安全状况 ;指出了我国发展智能交通对于改善交通安全 ,解决交通安全问题的重要意义并展望了我国发展智能交通的前景     

我国东部沿海地区酸雨来源研究

 1992～1995年间在我国东部沿海地区进行了降水和气象观测，分析了降水的酸度和化学组成与降水采样时的来流方向的关系，计算了丹东凤凰山和泗礁岛采样时的后推气流轨迹。发现我国东部沿海地区出现酸性很强的酸雨，推断酸雨来自周边国家和地区。由于当地地理位置和气象条件的差异，不同的时间和不同空间里影响的程度也不同。北方沿海的图们和丹东凤凰山的酸雨主要来自朝鲜半岛和日本。东南沿海地区则较为复杂，冬春季可能受到日本和朝鲜半岛的影响     

非离子氨浓度换算方法的改进

根据氨溶于水时平衡常数与温度的关系,求出非离子氨摩尔百分比的表达式,接用公式在计算器上编程换算非离子氨浓度,可提高数据的准确性和批量数据处理效率。     

冷弯成形过程的计算

通过将冷弯变形分离为两部分,一部分为约束变形,另一部分为待定的反弹变形,然后使用两个简单函数来分别模拟,再利用弹性理论中的能量原理获得了整个变形过程的计算公式.最后通过实例计算验证了公式的有效性.     

中美高等环境类专业设置比较研究

对美国高等环境类专业设置现状进行了初步调查和统计分析，并与我国高等环境类专业设置状况进行比较研究．研究表明，高等环境类专业设置存在一定的差异性，而且显示出美国高等环境类专业设置具有某些明显特点，主要表现在：专业设置种类数量多、面广且多元化；人文社会科学型专业的比例较大；设置了培养环境教育师资人才的专业；环境健康领域在专业设置中得到了高度重视；“综合型”人才培养目标在专业设置中更为突出．这些特点可以为我国高等环境类专业设置的改革和调整以及高等环境教育发展决策提供参考依据．     

加强注、采、输工艺技术研究 确保油田清洁生产

介绍了江苏油田试采一厂针对采出水污染问题，采取多种方法减少污水采出量和外排量，还就注、采、输系统实现清洁生产提出了一些建议。