珠江广州段沉积物中PAHs生态风险的蒙特卡洛模拟

以珠江广州段24个采样站位表层沉积物的实测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度为基础资料,采用基于Logistic混沌迭代序列改进的蒙特卡洛算法对珠江广州段沉积物中PAHs的生态风险发生概率进行了定量分析.研究结果表明:PAHs风险排序从大到小依次是:菲>芘>荧蒽> >苯并[a]蒽>苯并[a]芘>二苯并[a,h]蒽.菲、芘和荧蒽引发水生生态风险概率较大,应重点关注.除菲外,其余6种PAHs暴露浓度对生态风险发生概率的贡献率均超过90%,可见PAHs在本区域环境中的风险大小主要取决于其暴露量.     

岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤微生物活性的对比研究

通过野外采样和室内实验,研究了不同地质背景、不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物活性的影响。研究表明,土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳在林地、灌木丛、草丛三种不同的土地利用方式下均表现为岩溶区>非岩溶区;岩溶区土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳表现为林地>灌木丛>草丛;非岩溶区土壤微生物数量表现为草丛>林地>灌木丛,微生物碳表现为林地>草丛>灌木丛。对于同一种土地利用方式,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均表现为非岩溶区>岩溶区,过氧化氢酶活性表现为岩溶区>非岩溶区;除非岩溶区土壤脲酶活性表现为林地>草丛>灌木丛外,非岩溶区土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性及岩溶区土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均表现为林地>灌木丛>草丛。岩溶区土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性和非岩溶区土壤蔗糖酶活性能作为土壤较理想的肥力指标。     

A new polystyrene-latex-based and EPS-containing synthetic sludge

Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge.     

不同水平外源碳在稻田土壤中转化与分配的微生物响应特征

外源碳会改变土壤有机质的转化以及土壤微生物的活性,不同水平的易利用有机碳在稻田土壤中转化与分配的微生物响应特征尚不明确.为阐释外源碳周转过程中的微生物响应特征,选取葡萄糖为典型易利用外源碳,采用13C稳定同位素标记技术,在室内模拟培养实验,基于土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)设置不同水平葡萄糖碳(0×MBC、0. 5×MBC、1×MBC、3×MBC和5×MBC共5个MBC倍数梯度水平),明确其转化与分配规律;并利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定参与土壤碳转化过程关键酶纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glu)活性.结果表明,培养2 d时,葡萄糖碳(13C)占可溶性有机碳(13C-DOC)和土壤有机碳(13C-SOC)的比例与其添加量成显著正相关;向13C-MBC的分配在3×MBC处理时达到最大值(18. 96 mg·kg-1),随后降低;13C分配率主要与MBC、Olsen-P和DOC存在显著正相关关系. 60 d时,土壤13C-DOC、13C-MBC和13C-SOC显著下降,分别小于或等于0. 02、2和10 mg·kg-1;与CK相比,添加葡萄糖后CBH酶活性显著提高,其中3×MBC处理提高了22. 6倍,显著高于其它处理(P 0. 05);高量葡萄糖(3×MBC和5×MBC)添加促进了β-Glu酶活性,但促进效果随葡萄糖添加量的增加而减少; NH+4-N、p H、β-Glu和CBH成为13C分配率的主要影响因子.综上,外源碳向土壤有机碳的转化随添加量的增加而增加,改变了土壤酶活性,但微生物对外源碳的利用可能存在一个饱和阈值,饱和阈值之内,有机质的转化速率与添加量成正比;超出饱和阈值,有机质的转化速率反而变慢.因此,适量地添加外源碳有利于提高稻田土壤有机碳,优化作物生长环境质量.     

固体火箭发动机全寿命环境载荷分析

目的对固体火箭发动机全寿命环境载荷情况进行分析,掌握其特性和变化规律。方法在分析固体火箭发动机使用环节主要环境载荷因素基础上,对实测获取的典型固体火箭发动机服役区域的环境载荷数据进行分析。依据固体火箭发动机全寿命服役历程情况,给出全寿命环境载荷的编制方法。结果根据发动机典型服役历程环境载荷特点和服役历程,可以有效掌握发动机全寿命周期内的环境载荷情况。结论该方法具有较好的可操作性,从而为固体火箭发动机结构完整性评价和寿命试验评估提供基础数据。     

Antimony speciation in the environment: Recent advances in understanding the biogeochemical processes and ecological effects

Antimony(Sb) is a toxic metalloid, and its pollution has become a global environmental problem as a result of its extensive use and corresponding Sb-mining activities. The toxicity and mobility of Sb strongly depend on its chemical speciation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biogeochemical processes(including emission, distribution,speciation, redox, metabolism and toxicity) that trigger the mobilization and transformation of Sb from pollution sources to the surrounding environment. Natural phenomena such as weathering, biological activity and volcanic activity, together with anthropogenic inputs, are responsible for the emission of Sb into the environment. Sb emitted in the environment can adsorb and undergo redox reactions on organic or inorganic environmental media, thus changing its existing form and exerting toxic effects on the ecosystem. This review is based on a careful and systematic collection of the latest papers during 2010–2017 and our research results, and it illustrates the fate and ecological effects of Sb in the environment.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器脱氮特性

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）连续运行71 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化(SND)能力.进水TOC浓度为56.8～132.6mg/L时,膜出水TOC去除率为84.7%～91.9%;进水氨氮浓度为28.1～38.4mg/L时,稳定运行阶段氨氮去除率为85.4%～99.7%,总氮去除率为41.7%～78.4%.结合反应器中污泥生长形态,对不同粒径污泥的同步硝化反硝化研究表明,好氧条件下絮状污泥几乎没有反硝化能力,SND能力来源于颗粒污泥,并且随着污泥粒径的增大,反硝化速率以及总氮去除效率提高.通过扫描电镜对颗粒污泥外观以及沿传质方向剖面内部特征的观察分析,对颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化的作用过程进行了探讨.     

A new strategy for obtaining highly concentrated phosphorus recovery solution in biofilm phosphorus recovery process

Recovery of phosphorus（P） from wastewater is of great significance for alleviating the shortage of P resources. At present, the P recovery process is faced with the problem of excessive organic carbon consumption when obtaining a P-concentrated recovery solution. This study proposed a new strategy to obtain a more highly concentrated P recovery solution with minimal carbon consumption by strengthening the P storage capacity of the biofilm. A biofilm sequencing batch reactor（BSBR） process was mod...     

2013年莱州湾海域营养盐的平面分布及季节变化规律

依据2013年6、8、10、11月对莱州湾4个航次的调查资料,分析了该海域不同季节溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)平面分布及季节变化特征。结果表明,2013年莱州湾DIN和PO4-P均呈现出较明显的季节差异。其中,夏季受陆源输入显著影响,DIN和PO4-P浓度最高,50%的站位DIN含量超四类海水水质标准;其次为秋季,45%的站位DIN含量超四类海水水质标准,而春季最低,31.25%的站位DIN含量超四类海水水质标准。4个月份PO4-P含量均满足一类海水水质标准。N/P比值总体处于较高水平,表明整个莱州湾海域处于磷限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP)水平。     

功能分区型人工湿地处理养殖废水厌氧消化液的性能

针对养猪废水厌氧消化液高ρ(NH₄+-N)的特点,构建了上层填充沸石强化硝化、下层填充砖渣强化反硝化的功能分区型人工湿地,考察其启动阶段运行性能、硝化区及反硝化区污染物去除性能. 结果表明,湿地以间歇方式运行(饱和液位无变化),启动后NO₃--N的产生速率为0.014 6 kg/(m3·d),湿地底部出水的ρ(NO₃--N)平均值为14.94 mg/L,明显低于沸石层的21.77 mg/L. COD_Cr主要在湿地上层硝化区被去除,平均去除率为64.82%. 随着湿地启动,下层由于反硝化作用消耗的有机物增至56.67 mg/L. 在进水期的前15 min,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、TP的去除率最大,NO₃--N溶出量(以ρ计)最高,达42.30 mg/L. 沸石层10、20和30 cm处硝化速率基本稳定,沸石层的E_h均在400 mV以上. 与间歇方式相比,湿地以潮汐流方式(进水期与落干期时间比为1 h∶23 h)运行时,COD_Cr和TN去除率分别由78.45%和41.99%升至82.62%和53.41%. 研究显示,功能分区型人工湿地通过上层硝化、下层反硝化方式可有效去除养殖废水厌氧消化液中的NH₄+-N.