江西省县域农业碳排放的时空动态及影响因素分析

通过构建江西省农业碳排放测算体系,采用碳转化系数法对江西省县域农业碳排放进行了估算,并分析了2000~2010年江西省农业碳排放的时空动态及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）江西省农业碳排放总量从2000年的23085万t增长到2010年的29051万t,不同年份农业碳排放均主要源于化肥施用与农业机械使用;（2）全省农业碳排放量的空间分布呈现较为明显的集聚特征,主要年份高碳排放区均集中于鄱阳湖周边地区;碳排放强度多为Ⅱ级水平,空间分布上与碳排放量相比更为均衡;（3）江西省县域间农业碳排放的相对差异与绝对差异整体上均呈明显扩大的趋势;（4）生产效率、结构、劳动力等因素对农业碳排放有抑制作用,农业经济发展则促进碳排放量增加,农业碳排放还受社会、政策等影响     

Biosorption characteristics of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 waste biomass for removal of lead (II) from aqueous solution

Lead (II) has been as one of the most toxic heavy metals because it is associated with many health hazards. Therefore, people are increasingly interested in discovering new methods for effectively and economically scavenging lead (II) from the aquatic system. Recent studies demonstrate biosorption is a promising technology for the treatment of pollutant streams. To apply these techniques, suitable adsorbents with high efficiency and low cost are demanded. The waste biomass of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 biosorbent was used as low-cost biosorbent to remove metallic cations lead (II) from aqueous solution. To optimize the maximum removal efficiency, the effect of pH and temperature on the adsorption process was studied. The isotherm models, kinetic models and thermodynamic parameters were analysed to describe the adsorptive behaviour of B. gibsonii S-2 biosorbent. The mechanisms of lead (II) biosorption were also analysed by FTIR and EDX. The results showed that the optimum pH values for the biosorption at three different temperatures, i.e. 20, 30 and 40 °C, were determined as 4. The equilibrium data were well fitted to Langmuir model, with the maximum lead (II) uptake capacities of 333.3 mg?g^?1. The kinetics for lead (II) biosorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The thermodynamic data showed that the biosorption process were endothermic (?G?<?0), spontaneous (?H?>?0) and irreversible (?S?>?0). The mechanism of lead (II) biosorption by the waste biomass of B. gibsonii S-2 biosorbent could be a combination of ion exchange and complexation with the functional groups present on the biosorbent surface. The application of the waste biomass of B. gibsonii S-2 for lead (II) adsorption, characterized with higher lead (II) sorption capacity and lower cost, may find potential application in industrial wastewater treatment.     

The effects of pH, bromide and nitrite on halonitromethane and trihalomethane formation from amino acids and amino sugars

In this study, the effects of pH, bromide and nitrite on the formation of halonitromethanes (HNMs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) from eight amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and histidine) and four amino sugars (glucosamine, galactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid) were examined for chlorination and ozonation followed by chlorination. During ozonation-chlorination, two amino acids, glycine and lysine, exhibited distinctly higher HNM formation than the other compounds. The formation of HNMs was higher at pH 8 than 6. Glycine and lysine also produced higher levels of THMs than the other compounds at pH 8. The presence of nitrite resulted in an increase in HNM formation. The presence of bromide increased the HNM formation, especially brominated HNM species. Bromine incorporation factors of trihalogenated HNMs were higher than those of THMs. For chlorination alone, HNM levels were about the detection limit (4 nM or 0.7 μg L⁻¹) at pH 6 and 8, and in the presence of bromide or nitrite. Amino acids and amino sugars tested, except glycine and lysine, showed relatively low levels of THM (∼15 μg L⁻¹) formation.     

北京市冬季空气中PM2.5对THP-1细胞焦亡的影响

为了验证PM_2.5进入肺部后,在肺巨噬细胞清除PM_2.5组分中是否发生细胞焦亡效应,本研究以THP-1细胞作为人巨噬细胞模型,以不同浓度PM_2.5暴露于THP-1细胞,采用CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,试剂盒检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放水平,荧光显微镜下观察细胞PI染色情况,流式细胞仪检测Annexin V/PI染色,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)检测焦亡相关蛋白NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、GSDMD的表达,以及ELISA法检测IL-1β、IL-18的分泌等来检测PM_2.5暴露诱导THP-1细胞的焦亡发生和炎症因子释放水平.结果显示：THP-1细胞暴露于PM_2.5后,细胞存活率的降低与PM_2.5暴露浓度的增加呈正相关;THP-1暴露PM_2.548 h后,细胞胀大并呈气泡状;与空白对照(PBS)组相比,PM_2.5暴露组与阳性对照组(1.0μg·mL^-1LPS+5.0...     

微电解预处理提高酒精废水可生化性的试验研究

经厌氧生物处理后的酒精废水COD浓度为 650 0mg/L ,B/C比 0 .33 ,可生化性较低。为了改善该废水的可生化性 ,提高后续好氧处理效果 ,将酒精废水消化液进行铁屑—活性炭微电解预处理。结果表明 ,该废水COD去除率达 50 %左右 ,其B/C比提高为 0 .55左右 ,提升幅度高达 67% ,为后续好氧处理创造了有利条     

城市化背景下建成区扩展及其对河网变化的影响——以苏州市为例

根据苏州快速城市化与水网密布的典型地域特征,利用不同空间分辨率卫星遥感信息,通过标准化处理流程,获取2002～2018年期间多期苏州建成区与水网专题信息,采用垂直类比的定量化方法,在区域和地理空间格网单元的层面,对城市建设用地与河网水系进行空间叠加分析.探讨城市化进程中建成区建设用地与河网水系分布的格局,以及河网的密度、河链数、节点数、连接率和分形维数等特征参数动态变化与相互影响关系.结果 表明:(1)苏州城市空间扩展特征已经从区域中心建成区放射型蔓延向多中心建成区放射型+网络化的蔓延方式改变.(2)苏州河网水系伴随建设用地扩展,密度持续降低,建成区以外的农田植被区河网水系分布格局未发生根本性改变.河网连接率未发生变化,连通性维持稳定,分形维数稍有降低,河网结构复杂性略有下降.(3)河网变化受建成区扩展影响显著.前期各建成区格网单元内水网密度降低空间分布较为均匀,后期主要集中于建成区增量所占比例较低的网格单元即主要发生在建成区边缘扩展区域.本文的方法可为遥感信息在城市生态系统的空间规划决策和遥感尺度效应研究提供科学依据.     

利用广义加性模型解析长江中游城市群城镇用地扩展驱动力

研究城镇用地扩展的时空驱动机制对城市群的科学可续发展与国土空间规划具有重要意义.利用广义加性模型(General Additive Model,GAM),选取社会经济因子、自然因子和邻域因子,解析长江中游城市群1990～2015年城镇用地扩展驱动力的时空分异特征,挖掘各子城市群的核心驱动力并对其进行功能识别.结果表明:(1)25年间,长江中游城市群驱动因子时空差异显著.核心城市武汉、长沙、南昌极化效应明显,涓滴效应逐渐显现,但城市群仍未打破行政区划壁垒.(2)三大子城市群的核心驱动因子差异显著.其中,人口和地均GDP对各子城市群城镇用地扩展影响最大,武汉城市圈和环鄱阳湖城市群的空间溢出效应高于长株潭城市群,且城镇用地扩展模式渐由单核驱动发展为双核驱动.(3)核心驱动因子与城市群城镇用地扩展之间具有显著的非线性关系,且呈现地域性和阶段性特征.(4)GAM模型能够解释城镇用地扩展过程中各因子之间的非线性关系,较Logistic和Nonliner-Logistic模型具有更高的拟合优度和验证精度,表明了其探索非线性驱动力的优势.     

基于空间句法的街区制与小区制路网结构与空间感知研究——以南京仙林地区为例

街区制与小区制是现代城市两种不同的居住模式。近年来,随着我国城市化水平的迅速提高和城市规模的扩大,城市居住模式对城市居民生产生活与交通产生何种影响引起众多学科的高度关注。以南京仙林地区为例,运用空间句法理论与GIS空间分析功能,选择可达性和居住区便捷性等空间特征变量,对两种居住模式的路网结构与空间感知研究后发现：（1）研究区实行街区制,路网具有“核心-外围”可达性逐渐减小的空间结构,而小区制可达性高的路网结构与主干道形态相关,呈“井”字型;（2）路网可达性的结构差异影响着居住区便捷性,街区制与小区制相比,存在着核心区与外围区便捷性差异。街区制的核心区全局便捷性较高且分布均匀,而外围区全局便捷性与局部便捷性较低且分布相对不均匀;（3）居住便捷与路网可达是空间感知的基础,街区制呈现核心区高,外围区低的空间感知差异,而小区制的空间感知整体较高并呈均质性特点;（4）空间句法理论运用于居住区模式的路网结构与空间感知研究,拓展了该理论应用的领域,提出了推广街区制的有效措施,也为城市规划实行何种居住模式提供了科学依据     

江西省耕地土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异特征及其影响因素

采用Pearson相关性分析、Spearman相关性分析、偏相关性分析、方差分析和地统计学方法,对江西省耕地表层(0~20 cm)土壤有效态B、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn等5种微量元素含量空间变异特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：研究区土壤有效态B、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn总体处于中等以上水平,B表现为强变异性,其他有效态元素均呈中等变异性。空间结构方面,B、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn的块金效应值依次为15.68%、12.09%、87.63%、77.98%和25.27%,表明B和Cu具有强烈的空间相关性,Zn呈中等空间相关性,而Fe和Mn空间相关性较弱。空间分布方面,土壤有效B含量表现出“两边低、中间高”的空间分布趋势,Fe、Cu、Zn呈现出较为平滑的空间分布格局,Mn在空间分布上并无明显规律。Pearson相关性分析和偏相关性分析表明5种微量元素之间存在一定的耦合关系但并无直接相关性。Spearman相关性分析和方差分析结果表明,高程、坡度、pH、有机质、全氮、成土母质、地貌类型、土壤类型、灌溉能力、秸秆还田方式和常年耕作制度对5种微量元素含量的空间变异影响显著(P<0.05)。结果可为江西省测土配方施肥卡制定与耕地资源利用与管理及优质高产种植提供可靠参考依据。 关键词： 江西省;微量元素;空间变异;相关性分析;偏相关性分析;影响因素     

Application of integrated GIS and multimedia modeling on NPS pollution evaluation

In Taiwan, nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is one of the major causes of the impairment of surface waters. I-Liao Creek, located in southern Taiwan, flows approximately 90 km and drains toward the Kaoping River. Field investigation results indicate that NPS pollution from agricultural activities is one of the main water pollution sources in the I-Liao Creek Basin. Assessing the potential of NPS pollution to assist in the planning of best management practice (BMP) is significant for improving pollution prevention and control in the I-Liao Creek Basin. In this study, land use identification in the I-Liao Creek Basin was performed by properly integrating the skills of geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS). In this analysis, 35 types of land use patterns in the watershed area of the basin are classified with the aid of Erdas Imagine process system and ArcView GIS system. Results indicate that betel palm farms, orchard farms, and tea gardens dominate the farmland areas in the basin, and are scattered around on both sides of the river corridor. An integrated watershed management model (IWMM) was applied for simulating the water quality and evaluating NPS pollutant loads to the I-Liao Creek. The model was calibrated and verified with collected water quality and soil data, and was used to investigate potential NPS pollution management plans. Simulated results indicate that NPS pollution has significant contributions to the nutrient loads to the I-Liao Creek during the wet season. Results also reveal that NPS pollution plays an important role in the deterioration of downstream water quality and caused significant increase in nutrient loads into the basin's water bodies. Simulated results show that source control, land use management, and grassy buffer strip are applicable and feasible BMPs for NPS nutrient loads reduction. GIS system is an important method for land use identification and waste load estimation in the basin. Linking the information of land utilization with the NPS pollution simulation model may further provide essential information of potential NPS pollution for all subregions in the river basin. Results and experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing the watershed management and NPS pollution control strategies for other similar river basins.