Environmental factors influencing the distribution of total and fecal coliform bacteria in six water storage reservoirs in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most developed and densely populated regions in China. Quantifying the amount of pathogens in the source of drinking water is important for improving water quality. We collected water samples from six major water storage reservoirs in the PRD region in both wet and dry seasons in 2006. Results showed that external environmental factors, such as precipitation, location, as well as the internal environmental factors, i.e., physicochemical properties of the water, were closely related with the distribution of coliforms. Seasonally, the coliform bacterial concentrations in wet season were one to two orders of magnitude greater than those in dry season. Spatially, coliform bacterial levels in reservoirs near urban and industrial areas were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in remote areas. Correlation analyses showed that the levels of coliforms had close relationships with pH, temperature, suspended solid, organic and inorganic nutrients in water. Principal components analysis further demonstrated that total coliforms in the reservoirs were closely related with water physicochemical properties, while fecal coliforms were more associated with external input brought in by seasonal runo .     

基于遥感影像的厦门市填海造地的进程研究

以1973年、1993年、2001年和2007年4个时相的LandsatMSS／TM／ETM＋影像为数据源,在遥感分析处理软件ErdasImage8．6的支撑下,对厦门市填海造地进程分1973年-1993年、1993年-2001年和2001年-2007年三个时段进行研究。研究表明,三个时段的填海造地规模呈上升趋势,特别是2001年以后的填海占总填海面积的近50％。填海区土地利用类型主要为公共设施用地、居住用地和港口用地。填海活动与人口等社会经济因素密切相关,随着厦门市人口的增长和社会经济发展的需求,填海活动将继续进行。     

两相厌氧处理高浓度含硫有机废水改造设计

高浓度硫酸根离子在厌氧过程中严重抑制甲烷茵的生长,原有废水处理工艺无法避免高浓度硫酸根离子的影响,出水COD、BOD,均不能够达到排放标准。通过对存在的问题进行分析和研究,对原有工艺进行改进,采用两相厌氧＋UASB＋A／O＋生物接触氧化工艺,处理该厂高浓度硫酸根离子高浓度有机废水,出水达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）二级排放标准。     

Multiple biomarker responses in caged benthic gastropods <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bellamya aeruginosa</Emphasis> after in situ exposure to Taihu Lake in China

Background

Freshwater sediments have been recognized as a long-term sink and potential source for environmental pollutants released into the aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the sediment quality of Taihu Lake, which is susceptible to anthropogenic contamination, was assessed by a combination of chemical analytical and biological end points. Specifically, the snail Bellamya aeruginosa was caged in situ at two locations representing different pollution levels for different exposure times (7, 14 and 21 days). At each of these time points, biochemical parameters, i.e., phase I biotransformation enzymes ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl content and lipid peroxidation, were evaluated in the hepatopancreas of snails. In addition, surface sediments were collected for analysis of contaminants of concern, including inorganic pollutants, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Results

Chemical analyses revealed that sediments from Taihu Lake were contaminated with trace elements and organic pollutants. Concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Ni and As) and organochlorinated pesticides (4,4′-DDE) exceeded their corresponding threshold effect level according to the sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems in Canada, indicating that adverse biological effects may occur. All biomarkers, except EROD activity, were induced in snails during all exposure times. The integrated biomarker response index (IBR) indicated that during the initial exposure phase (7 days), B. aeruginosa were subjected to significant environmental stress, which diminished during later sampling time points.

Conclusions

Results showed that IBR correlated well with the levels of environmental contaminants, demonstrating the applicability of this biomonitoring approach to complex environmental exposure scenarios.

     

城市污水生物处理过程中结合型和游离型胞外抗生素抗性基因的产生特征

胞外抗生素抗性基因是抗性基因的重要存在形式,可能通过转化重新进入细胞表达抗药性.因此其具有严峻却隐蔽的健康风险,且不同形态胞外抗生素抗性基因的风险存在显著差异,然而当前针对胞外抗性基因风险的研究极为稀少.本研究以序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)为例,考察了污水生物处理过程中结合型和游离型胞外抗性基因产生的时空特征,以及曝气强度和污泥负荷的影响.结果 表明,SBR启动期2种胞外抗性基因均大量产生,且游离型胞外抗性基因的增加倍数和持续时间高于结合型:稳定运行后2种胞外抗性基因的丰度显著下降.从胞内外抗性基因的比重来看,好氧阶段以胞外抗性基因为主,且游离型胞外抗性基因比例达60％以上;厌氧阶段以胞内抗性基因为主,且结合型胞外抗性基因比例升高(7.5％～31.9％);出水中游离型胞外抗性基因占据绝对优势,比例达66.5％ ～ 86.9％.曝气强度提高使2种胞外抗性基因丰度显著提高,但游离型胞外抗性基因提高程度(2.2倍～12.2倍)高于结合型(2.1倍～62倍).污泥负荷提高同样导致2种胞外抗性基因丰度提高,但游离型胞外抗性基因提高程度(1.3倍～7.8倍)低于结合型(1.9倍～ 13.3倍).研究表明,大量胞外抗性基因将在污水生物处理过程中产生,并随污水排放至环境中,是水环境中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的重要来源之一.     

长江渔业资源动态监测的研究

从长江水系渔业资源的特点出发，对长江流域渔业资源动态监测的目标，内容和方法，以及动态监测体系的系统构成，职责分工，经费来源和管理原则等进行了探讨。     

Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China

Cadmium and lead have been identified as very toxic metals, which are widely present in the environment due to natural and anthropogenic emissions. Many studies have shown that the food chain is the main pathway of cadmium and lead transfer from the environment to humans. It is well documented that many factors will affect their transfer through food chains. Previous investigations on heavy metals were mostly concentrated on one contaminant in isolation. However, in real environments, exposure to mixtures of metals is ubiquitous such that cadmium pollution is invariably being associated with lead and zinc, etc. This study focuses on the contamination and health effects of the metal mixtures. For this purpose, a dietary survey was taken for 3 groups in Nanning in October 2002. Samples of soils, plants (vegetables), urine and blood of humans were measured for Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Pb, in addition, the urinary indicators of renal dysfunction Albumin (ALB), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), Beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) and Retinol-binding protein (RBP) in urine were also measured. Results showed that soil contamination with metal mixtures had caused significant renal dysfunction of the local residents living in the contaminated area, and the dose-response curve was somewhat altered by the mixed contamination of Cd and Pb as well as the intake of other minerals. The importance of mixtures of metal contamination and human health are also discussed in this paper.     

灰色预测法在设备状态趋势预报中的应用

分析了设备运行状态的特征 ,运用灰色系统理论对设备状态特征量——振动烈度 ,建立了灰色预测模型。计算结果表明 ,预测模型的计算值与实际测定值非常接近 ,而且可进一步预报设备运行状态趋势。灰色预测法的引进 ,丰富了设备状态监测与故障诊断技术学科的基础理论 ,推动了该学科向更高水平发展 ,预示了该学具有更广阔的应用前景。     

Phytotoxicity and oxidative effects of typical quaternary ammonium compounds on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The large-scale use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in medicines or disinfectants can lead to their release into the environment, posing a...