催化动力学光度法测定水中痕量亚硝酸根

根据盐酸介质中亚硝酸根对甲基红的溴酸钾氧化反应的催化作用,建立了测定水中痕量亚硝酸根的催化动力学光度法。实验结果表明,当盐酸溶液的加入量为1.0mL、溴酸钾溶液的加入量为0.2mL、甲基红溶液的加入量为3.5mL、加热时间为5min、加热温度为50℃时,方法的检出限为1.0×10-7g/L,线性范围为5.0×10-7~1.0×10-5g/L,回收率为97.8%~103.3%,相对标准偏差为1.8%~2.6%。该法已用于废水水样中亚硝酸根的测定,结果满意。     

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from the central Loess Plateau, China: role of regional range atmospheric transport

Very few studies were conducted in highland and depositional areas in studying the transport and behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In this study, surface soils were collected from Huan County to investigate the level, profile, and potential influence of PBDEs via regional range atmospheric transport in the central part of the Loess Plateau (CLP) of China, one of the most extensive areas of loess deposition in the world. PBDEs were ubiquitous and log-normally distributed in soils from the CLP with mean concentrations of 0.91 and 0.54 ng g⁻¹ for ΣPBDEs (sum of PBDE congeners except for BDE-209) and BDE-209, respectively. BDE-209 was predominated congener (43.5%), followed by BDE-47 (15.7%), 99 (10.7%), and 153 (7.5%). Further principal component analysis on congener profiles showed that PBDEs in the CLP originated from similar source(s). Additionally, significant differences in the ratios of BDE-47 to 99 and BDE-153 to 154 were found between soil samples and commercial products, indicating that they have undergone fractionation during the process of regional range atmospheric transport. The deposition of PBDEs in the CLP could be influenced by the sources from surrounding regions. For example, Xi’an may have potential influence to the CLP based on geographical analysis and concentrations comparison of PBDEs in gaseous. Therefore, more studies are needed to clarify the atmospheric transport and fate of PBDEs in this region.     

悬置螺栓断裂失效分析

本文从断口分析、化学成分、机械性能、拧紧性能等方面开展综合验证,分析了某汽车悬置螺栓断裂原因。结果表明,该螺栓为摩擦系数变化引起的过载断裂。     

气田压裂返排液回用影响因素研究

针对气田压裂返排液回用配制压裂液的水质要求,研究了pH值、金属离子、细菌和泡沫对处理后液体配制压裂液的影响。结果表明,通过调节pH值、控制金属离子浓度、加入杀菌剂和消泡剂可以达到回用配制压裂液的要求。其中,pH值应控制在6.5左右;当Na2CO3和NaOH的复配比为800/600、NaOH投加量为300mg/L时,能有效去除Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+等离子的影响;杀菌剂采用气田压裂专用杀菌剂;消泡剂采用二甲基硅油。实验在气井井场采用撬装微涡流混凝装置处理气田压裂返排液,并对上清液回用配液,回用率达到98.4%。     

水枝锦活性炭对孔雀石绿的吸附性能研究

以水枝锦为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备成水枝锦活性炭,通过静态实验研究其对孔雀石绿的吸附性能.考察了水枝锦活性炭投加量、接触时间、pH和孔雀石绿初始浓度对孔雀石绿吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在温度为723 K、活化时间为1 h条件下,水枝锦活性炭得率为36.7%,比表面积为1 223m2/g;在298K、孔雀石绿初始质量浓度为250mg/L、接触270min条件下,水枝锦活性炭的最佳投加量为0.5 g/L,适宜pH为7～12;吸附量随温度的升高而增大,提高温度有利于吸附的进行;水枝锦活性炭静态吸附孔雀石绿的动力学行为符合伪二级动力学方程.静态吸附动力学研究为投加粉状活性炭的吸附池的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水中孔雀石绿技术的应用具有重要的实际意义.     

Fe/C微电解-超声波/Fenton氧化-活性炭吸附处理仲丁灵农药废水

采用Fe/C微电解-超声波/Fenton氧化一活性炭吸附处理高色度、高COD、高盐分、高毒性的仲丁灵农药废水.试验结果表明:(1)Fe/C微电解处理仲丁灵农药废水的最佳条件:pH为4,铁屑投加量为0.5 mol/L,Fe与C摩尔比为2:1,反应时间为4h.(2)Fenton氧化的最佳条件:pH为4,FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.03 mol/L,H2O2投加量为0.4 mol/L,反应时间为2 h.(3)在Fenton氧化的最佳条件下,超声波/Fenton氧化对COD去除率最高(平均约为80%).(4)当吸附时间为2 h、PH为6、活性炭投加量为20 g/L时.COD去除率可达90.5%.(5)采用Fe/C锻电解-超声波/Fenton氧化一活性炭吸附处理后,COD、色度均可达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)中的一级标准.     

温度和pH值对CANON工艺的影响试验研究

采用2组SBBR反应器研究了进水氨氮浓度为160 mg NH⁺₄-N/L、间歇曝气并且曝停比为2 h∶2 h、DO为2.0～2.5 mg/L (曝气)/ 0.2～0.4 mg/L(停曝)和HRT为48 h时,温度和pH值对CANON工艺的影响,试验结果表明,CANON工艺最适温度和pH值分别为30℃和8。在一定温度范围内（不大于30℃）,CANON系统的氨氮转化速率和脱氮效能随着温度的升高而升高。温度达到35℃时,厌氧氨氧化反应速率较低而不能把亚硝化反应生成的NO^-₂全部转化为氮气,此时较高的DO(2.0～2.5 mg/L)不利于淘汰CANON系统内的硝酸菌,部分氨氮将通过全程硝化反应被氧化为NO^-₃。而在pH值为6～9的范围内,CANON 系统均可实现硝酸菌的“洗脱”,避免全程硝化反应的发生。     

垃圾填埋场中硝酸还原酶测定条件优化

作为垃圾填埋场中氮素转化的关键酶之一,硝酸还原酶在填埋场氮素转移的过程中起着重要的作用。以生物反应器填埋场中的垃圾样品为研究对象,以土壤酶学测定方法为基础,对填埋场中硝酸还原酶的测定条件进行了优化研究。结果表明,填埋场中硝酸还原酶的最佳测定条件为：垃圾样品的风干温度为30℃,分别加入1%的KNO₃溶液2.0 mL和1%的葡萄糖溶液0.5 mL,抽气7 min后,置于20℃的培养箱中培养36 h。在该条件下对填埋场中硝酸还原酶活性进行测定,RSD小于1.66％,说明该分析方法结果可靠,精密度高。     

Assessing Critical Source Areas in Watersheds for Conservation Buffer Planning and Riparian Restoration

A science-based geographic information system (GIS) approach is presented to target critical source areas in watersheds for conservation buffer placement. Critical source areas are the intersection of hydrologically sensitive areas and pollutant source areas in watersheds. Hydrologically sensitive areas are areas that actively generate runoff in the watershed and are derived using a modified topographic index approach based on variable source area hydrology. Pollutant source areas are the areas in watersheds that are actively and intensively used for such activities as agricultural production. The method is applied to the Neshanic River watershed in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. The capacity of the topographic index in predicting the spatial pattern of runoff generation and the runoff contribution to stream flow in the watershed is evaluated. A simple cost-effectiveness assessment is conducted to compare the conservation buffer placement scenario based on this GIS method to conventional riparian buffer scenarios for placing conservation buffers in agricultural lands in the watershed. The results show that the topographic index reasonably predicts the runoff generation in the watershed. The GIS-based conservation buffer scenario appears to be more cost-effective than the conventional riparian buffer scenarios.     

微网动态膜生物反应器的研究进展

对微网动态膜生物反应器进行了较为全面的综述,在简要介绍动态膜过滤技术的基础上,对DMBR处理生活污水的运行处理效果、生物动态膜特性、DMBR结构改进及其应用的扩展研究等方面做了介绍,分析了目前该工艺存在的生物动态膜机理研究不透彻、运行稳定性较差、对工业废水的处理研究较少等问题,展望了该工艺的研究方向,即反应器结构的改进、生物动态膜地位与功能的解析、及应器优化控制研究等。