基于层次分析和模糊综合评价的区域危险品道路运输事故概率评估

考虑到我国现阶段可利用的危险品道路运输事故的历史数据十分有限,本文结合特定路段的实际情况,基于层次分析法和二级模糊综合评价法,建立了一种新的危险品道路运输事故概率评估方法。首先利用层次分析法,除了对特定路段的危险品、驾驶人员、运输车辆及罐体、道路及环境以及道路实时管理等常规影响因素进行更全面的分析外,还首次引入人为故意破坏等特殊影响因素,并根据各因素在危险品道路运输事故中的影响大小,采用1~9标度法确定各影响因素的权重;然后根据模糊数学理论,建立不同影响因素的隶属度函数;最后通过二级模糊综合评价形成危险品道路运输事故概率评估计算方法。通过实例研究表明,该方法可为危险品道路运输事故概率评估研究提供新的思路,为特定区域危险品道路运输风险管理工作的开展和评估提供指导,也有助于危险品运输管理决策支持系统的开发。     

Transformation of erythromycin during secondary effluent soil aquifer recharging: Removal contribution and degradation path

Erythromycin (ERY), a widely used antibiotic, has recently been detected in municipal secondary effluents and poses serious threats to human health during wastewater reusing. In this study, the removal, fate, and degradation pathway of ERY in secondary effluent during soil aquifer treatment was evaluated via laboratory-scale SAT tests. Up to a 92.9% reduction of ERY in synthetic secondary effluent was observed in 1.0 m depth column system, which decreased to 64.7% when recharged with wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent. XRD-fractionation results demonstrated that the transphilic acid and hydrophobic acid fractions in secondary effluent compete for the adsorption sites of the packed soil and lead to a declined ERY removal. Moreover, aerobic biodegradation was the predominant role for ERY removal, contributing more than 60% reduction of ERY when recharged with synthetic secondary effluent. Destruction of 14-member macrocyclic lactone ring and breakdown of two cyclic sugars (l-cladinose and d-desosamine) were main removal pathways for ERY degradation, and produced six new intermediates.     

简化的HAZOP-LOPA分析法在石化装置中的应用

针对HAZOP分析风险时,无法确定现有措施是否充分、保护层的消减能力、剩余风险能否接受等问题,应用LOPA分析技术在HAZOP定性分析的基础上,进一步对已有措施和建议措施的消减能力进行半定量的评估,可以解决HAZOP分析的不足。参照中国石化风险矩阵图、独立保护层消减因子数据库和初始原因典型频率表,用一种更简便的HAZOP-LOPA方法可以简化分析过程,提高分析效率,也可以让结论兼顾安全性和经济性。     

炼油企业设备完整性管理初始状态评价探索与实践

针对某炼厂试点装置的设备完整性管理体系执行状况开展了初始状态评价。本次评价以美国职业安全与卫生署《化学品过程安全管理》设备完整性要素为基础,结合过程安全管理符合性导则与建议、机械完整性实施指南等业界最佳实践,编制评价问项,组建包含管理、工艺、设备人员和承包商在内的评价工作组,采取查阅档案、信息化平台纪录,面对面访谈,作业现场考察与验证,评价工作会等方式,以半定量的方式找出了设备完整性管理体系较高的残余风险,对设备完整性管理体系框架结构和管理文件体系以及绩效指标体系提出了针对性改进建议。     

烟道中同极性荷电粉尘的凝并研究

针对目前电除尘器对微小颗粒粉尘捕集效率低、本体体积庞大的问题,突破传统预荷电装置的应用模式,将预荷电装置安装于电除尘器模拟烟道中,进行了高压电场荷电凝并研究,考察了凝并电场频率、电场强度以及电场类型对粉尘凝并效果的影响。实验结果表明:可以大幅度降低粒径在0.3~0.5μm的粉尘百分比;有效增加粒径>1μm的粉尘百分比;可以有效提高模拟电除尘器对细小颗粒粉尘的捕集效率,有望减少电除尘器的本体体积。     

可见光照射下土壤光催化降解有毒有机污染物

在可见光（vis,λ＞420 nm）照射下,用天然土壤粉末（Soil）做催化剂降解酸性桃红（Sulforhodamine B,SRB）和2,4二氯苯酚(2,4-Dichlorophenol,DCP),分析了催化剂的用量、H₂O₂初始浓度对降解反应的影响,并通过紫外可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)、荧光检测（FL）、红外光谱（IR）等方法对降解反应动力学及反应机制进行了研究.结果表明,Soil/H₂O₂/vis体系能有效地降解SRB,反应240 min可脱色完全,10 h COD去除率达90.44%,反应240 min,DCP的去除率达到80.55%;荧光检测发现反应中产生了高活性氧化物种·OH,红外光谱结果表明目标底物最终被氧化降解为胺类、羧酸类小分子;催化剂具有比较好的稳定性,循环使用5次,催化性能无明显变化.反应机制主要是涉及·OH的异相类Fenton过程.     

Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) in surface and tap water around Lake Taihu in China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are ubiquitously distributed in the environment mainly as perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs). In this paper, six PFCAs and two PFASs were quantified in surface and tap water samples from 12 sites around Lake Taihu near Shanghai City in East China. Predominant PFCs were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), of which the concentration ranges were 6.8–206 and 1.2–45 ng·L⁻¹, the geometric means were 35.3 and 9.4 ng·L⁻¹, and the median (quartile range) values were 31.4 (34.4) and 10.4 (10.7) ng·L⁻¹, respectively. Other PFCs were also detected but in much lower concentrations than PFOA. The sources of the PFCs were expected to be direct industrial discharges in the Lake Taihu area, and this area was also a possible source of PFCs contaminations in Shanghai district in the downstream. PFCs distributions were found different in the upstream, downstream and north part of Lake Taihu. Occurrences of PFCs in the tap water in Lake Taihu area indicated their exposure to the local people. A brief estimation of the environmental risks by PFCs implied no acute or immediate risks from PFCs to local human health, but chronic risks from PFOA in the tap water should be considered in the downstream regions.     

用于高矿化度含油废水处理的高效菌株的分离及特性研究

从某高矿化度含油废水中筛选得到两株有效去除废水中有机物的高效降解菌株L1和Yj。通过VITEKTWO鉴定系统初步鉴定,得出LI为放射型根瘤菌（Rhizobium radiobacter）Yj为少见罗尔斯顿茼（Ralstonia paucula）。研究得到两株菌在pH为7、温度为40℃时生物量最大,两株菌在此条件培养下以1：1质量比复配投加对含油废水的有机物降解率在3h达39％,在6h达53％,提高了生物法处理含油废水的降解效率。     

铝合金电镀环评中污染防治措施若干问题的探讨

针对铝合金电镀环境影响评价中废水分类、水质特征及污染防治措施等问题进行了讨论,同时结合作者的工作实践,对电镀废水分类原则、处理工艺及其可靠性进行了分析,并提出了一系列适用于国家新颁布的《电镀污染物排放标准》（GB21900-2008）的工艺措施。     

Parameter determination to calculate water environmental capacity in Zhangweinan Canal Sub-basin in China

Zhangweinan canal sub-basin (ZWN) has the most serious water resource shortage and water pollution problems in north of China. To calculate the water environmental capacity in ZWN, determination methods for design flow rates and degradation coeffcients were discussed in this study. Results showed that 90% and 50% hydrological guarantee flow rates were suitable to be the design flow rates for rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Degradation coeffcients of COD_Mn and NH₃-N were 0.25 day⁻¹ and 0.15 day⁻¹ for branch streams and 0.5 day⁻¹ and 0.25 day⁻¹ for mainstreams, respectively in ZWN. With one-dimensional water quality simulation model, water environmental capacities were calculated to be 82,139 tons/yr for COD_Mn and 2394 tons/yr for NH₃-N in ZWN.