Pyrolysis and dehalogenation of plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): A review

Plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) have been an important environmental problem because these plastics commonly contain toxic halogenated flame retardants which may cause serious environmental pollution, especially the formation of carcinogenic substances polybrominated dibenzo dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), during treat process of these plastics. Pyrolysis has been proposed as a viable processing route for recycling the organic compounds in WEEE plastics into fuels and chemical feedstock. However, dehalogenation procedures are also necessary during treat process, because the oils collected in single pyrolysis process may contain numerous halogenated organic compounds, which would detrimentally impact the reuse of these pyrolysis oils. Currently, dehalogenation has become a significant topic in recycling of WEEE plastics by pyrolysis. In order to fulfill the better resource utilization of the WEEE plastics, the compositions, characteristics and dehalogenation methods during the pyrolysis recycling process of WEEE plastics were reviewed in this paper. Dehalogenation and the decomposition or pyrolysis of WEEE plastics can be carried out simultaneously or successively. It could be ‘dehalogenating prior to pyrolysing plastics’, ‘performing dehalogenation and pyrolysis at the same time’ or ‘pyrolysing plastics first then upgrading pyrolysis oils’. The first strategy essentially is the two-stage pyrolysis with the release of halogen hydrides at low pyrolysis temperature region which is separate from the decomposition of polymer matrixes, thus obtaining halogenated free oil products. The second strategy is the most common method. Zeolite or other type of catalyst can be used in the pyrolysis process for removing organohalogens. The third strategy separate pyrolysis and dehalogenation of WEEE plastics, which can, to some degree, avoid the problem of oil value decline due to the use of catalyst, but obviously, this strategy may increase the cost of whole recycling process.     

Monitoring nitrogen deposition in typical forest ecosystems along a large transect in China

The nitrogen (N) deposition fluxes were investigated in eight typical forest ecosystems along the North–South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC; based on the ChinaFLUX network) by ion-exchange resin (IER) columns from May 2008 to April 2009. Our results demonstrated that the method of IER columns was both labor cost saving and reliable for measuring dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) deposition at the remote forest stations. The deposition of DIN in the throughfall ranged from 1.3 to 29.5 kg N ha^?1 a^?1, increasing from north to south along NSTEC. The relatively high average ratio of ammonium to nitrate in deposition (1.83) indicated that the N deposition along the NSTEC in China mostly originated in farming and animal husbandry rather than in industry and vehicle activities. For seasonal variability, the DIN deposition showed a single peak in the growing season in the northern part of NSTEC, while, in the southern part, it exhibited double-peaks in the early spring and the mid-summer, respectively. On the annual scale, the DIN deposition variations of the eight sites could be mainly explained by precipitation and the distances from forest stations to provincial capital cities.     

Variations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau: Role of the monsoon system

Monsoon transport is an important process that influences the global transport of persistent organic pollutants. Only a few studies focused on the influence of monsoon on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) levels in the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, 19 samples were collected in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region, using a high-volume air sampler. The average concentrations of α-HCH, γ-HCH, p-p′-DDT, p-p′-DDE, o-p′-DDT, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and PCBs (including PCB-28, 101, and 118) were 2.3, 10.3, 3.2, 2.9, 5.8, 6.3, 2.2, and 10.6 pg m^?3, respectively. The weak correlation coefficients between lnp (natural logarithm of partial pressure) and 1/T (reciprocal temperature) were obtained for DDTs and β-endosulfan (r² values ranged from 0.13 to 0.41). However, no significant correlations were obtained for HCHs and PCBs. These results suggested that both local emission and long-range atmospheric transport (monsoon) may influence the distribution of OCPs at Lhasa. In this study, peak concentrations of DDTs, endosulfans and PCBs were found in August, when Eastern Monsoon system occurred. However, the maximum concentrations of HCHs appeared in June (Indian Monsoon is the dominant air circulation pattern). Monthly variation of OCP/PCB levels was likely associated with the different air sources of monsoon system.     

Influences of sediment properties and macrophytes on phosphorous speciation in the intertidal marsh

Phosphorus (P) in wetlands is mainly bound to sediment in various species, which is essential to predict water column P levels. The purpose of this work is to understand the influences of sediment properties and vegetation types on P speciation. Sediments under four vegetation types in the tidal flat and offshore sandbar in Hangzhou Bay of China were collected seasonally. The rank order of P species in sediment based on concentration was exchangeable P (Exch-P)?相似文献   

“2014.5.10”云南怒江州福贡泥石流成因分析

2004年5月10日云南怒江州福贡县石月亮乡发生泥石流等地质灾害,造成人员、经济重大损失。分析了此次泥石流形成的条件,并着重探讨了天气学成因,结果表明:脆弱的地质环境、陡峻的迎风坡、便于集水、集物的地形地貌和丰富的松散物质是怒江贡山泥石流易发生的有利地质地貌条件;连续性累积降水及短时间暴雨的产生为泥石流提供了较好的水源条件;高原短波槽与孟加拉湾南支槽东移合并,中、低层槽前西偏南暖湿气流500 h Pa偏西北气流是形成怒江暴雨过程的大尺度天气环流背景;地面辐合线、干线、低层显著湿区、湿舌等是导致降水的中尺度系统;高能高湿的潜在不稳定及近地层的水汽辐合是暴雨发生的有利条件;多普勒雷达图10~20 d Bz分散的絮状回波、部分35 d Bz块絮状回波、卫星云图多絮状对流云、无强对流云团活动反映此次暴雨过程为非对流性暴雨。     

煤烟型污染区小城镇SO_2浓度变异性分析与源解析:以重庆市万盛区青年镇为例

选取受煤烟型污染的典型小城镇——重庆市万盛区青年镇为研究对象,对其冬季和夏季环境空气中SO2进行了连续7 d的观测。结果表明,SO2小时浓度冬季:11.5~45.5μg/m3,夏季:9.33~42.8μg/m3,单因子污染指数最大值Pimax为0.091;日均值冬季:8.76~23.6μg/m3,夏季:8.83~20.6μg/m3,Pimax为0.157,满足标准限值要求,环境空气质量总体良好,SO2尚有较大环境容量。SO2浓度的日变化特征总体表现为早晨(08时)傍晚(20时)下午(14时)凌晨(02时)(p0.05)。SO2小时浓度和日均浓度、冬季与夏季之间无显著性差别。以日均浓度作为评价指标采用AREMODE对青年镇SO2浓度进行了模拟分析,结果表明实测值与模拟值者之间无显著性差异,拟合程度较高(t=0.7830.05)。通过源解析表明各污染源对青年镇SO2的贡献占比分别为:某电厂2某电厂1某电厂3某醋酸厂某建材厂某水泥厂。     

油品长输管道泄漏事故原因分析及防范措施

分析了油品长输管道泄漏的3种主要原因:外力破坏、管道腐蚀穿孔和管道本体缺陷,并根据这3种主要原因提出了具有针对性的防范措施,通过这些措施的实施可以有效地降低管道的泄漏风险.     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that mRNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The mRNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

Removal of formaldehyde over MnxCe1-xO2 catalysts: Thermal catalytic oxidation versus ozone catalytic oxidation

MnxCe1- xO2（x： 0.3–0.9） prepared by Pechini method was used as a catalyst for the thermal catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde（HCHO）. At x = 0.3 and 0.5, most of the manganese was incorporated in the fluorite structure of Ce O2 to form a solid solution. The catalytic activity was best at x = 0.5, at which the temperature of 100% removal rate is the lowest（270°C）. The temperature for 100% removal of HCHO oxidation is reduced by approximately 40°C by loading 5 wt.% Cu Oxinto Mn0.5Ce0.5O2. With ozone catalytic oxidation, HCHO（61 ppm） in gas stream was completely oxidized by adding 506 ppm O3 over Mn0.5Ce0.5O2 catalyst with a GHSV（gas hourly space velocity） of 10,000 hr-1at 25°C. The effect of the molar ratio of O3 to HCHO was also investigated. As O3/HCHO ratio was increased from 3 to 8, the removal efficiency of HCHO was increased from 83.3% to 100%. With O3/HCHO ratio of 8, the mineralization efficiency of HCHO to CO2 was 86.1%. At 25°C, the p-type oxide semiconductor（Mn0.5Ce0.5O2） exhibited an excellent ozone decomposition efficiency of 99.2%,which significantly exceeded that of n-type oxide semiconductors such as Ti O2, which had a low ozone decomposition efficiency（9.81%）. At a GHSV of 10,000 hr-1, [O3]/[HCHO] = 3 and temperature of 25°C, a high HCHO removal efficiency（≥ 81.2%） was maintained throughout the durability test of 80 hr, indicating the long-term stability of the catalyst for HCHO removal.