喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征研究

为查明高异质性背景条件下喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征,在6类典型人为活动方式石灰岩坡地针对4类主要生境类型(土面、土石面、石沟、石缝)开展生境空间分布调查和土壤理化性质分析,并利用Guelph入渗仪进行稳渗率实验。通过对比分析各生境土壤性质和土壤稳渗率关系,结合人为作用方式探讨各生境土壤性质和稳渗率空间变化特征及其演化规律。结果表明:1)喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率普遍高于非喀斯特地区,喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率受土壤孔隙和岩石裂隙耦合作用影响。2)各生境条件下土壤稳渗率具有高度的空间异质性,呈现"斑块状"空间分布特征。3)坡地人为作用方式变化将改变原有生境的土壤性质,进而导致各生境土壤稳渗率随人为活动进程发生相应变化。人为踩踏作用影响较小的原生林、次生林和乔灌林坡地土面和土石面生境土壤稳渗率普遍高于石沟和石缝生境,但转变为人为踩踏作用强烈的放牧灌草地或火烧人为干扰地后,土面和土石面生境土壤退化严重,土壤容重和粘粒含量增大,稳渗率显著降低。而石沟和石缝生境土壤性质和稳渗率受影响程度明显小于土面和土石面生境,土壤稳渗率仍可维持较高水平。     

近60a来中国洪涝灾情变化趋势持续性和周期性研究

本文利用Hurst指数和小波分析工具对洪涝灾情的1950~2010年的变化动态作了分析,揭示了灾情序列的趋势持续性、特征时间尺度、周期特征和突变点,同时还定性地预测了洪涝灾情的未来走势。研究结果发现:1)根据Hurst指数计算结果,受灾面积时间序列的Hurst指数为0.9338,具有很强的正持续性。未来有进一步增加的趋势。因灾死亡人口数时间序列的Hurst指数为0.4845,具有很弱的反持续性。而房屋倒塌间数时间序列的Hurst指数为0.6124,具有较弱的正持续性,未来有较弱的减少趋势。2)小波分析方法具有较好时空域特性,可以描述洪涝灾害灾情变化的多尺度特征,将隐含在灾情序列中随时间变化的周期震荡显现出来,并确定灾情序列中的突变点位置,为深入探索中国洪涝灾害的时空复杂性提供了全新的理论工具。3)中国洪涝灾害灾情都存在多时间尺度特征,不同的时间尺度表现为不同的循环交替,大尺度的周期变化嵌套着小尺度的周期变化。总体上表现为由小尺度的震荡剧烈,没有明显的规律到大尺度出现明显规律后继续增强或先升后降。4)60 a来,中国洪涝灾害受害面积总体上保持着增加的趋势。在9 a和25 a上分别存在着第1和第2主周期。中国洪涝灾害因灾死亡人口总体上保持着明显减少的趋势。在8 a和18 a上分别存在着第1和第2主周期。中国洪涝灾害倒塌房屋总数总体上保持着减少的趋势。在8 a、17 a和25 a上分别存在着第1、第2和第3主周期。     

某城市污水处理厂污泥固化处理研究

课题依托哈尔滨某污水处理厂,通过建立L9(34)正交试验,选取水泥、石灰、煤灰掺入比例以及养护时间为主要影响因素,以固化块的抗压强度和COD浸出浓度为评价指标,得到各因素的影响度大小排序为:水泥养护天数石灰煤灰,优化固化条件为水泥掺入比例15%,石灰掺入比例2%,煤灰10%养护天数6 d。以此为基础进行延展实验,探讨以上因素对污泥固化效果的影响,获得最佳配方。     

浙江省工业循环经济典型推进模式研究

浙江省在经济快速发展的同时,资源环境的约束越来越明显,发展循环经济成为浙江经济转型升级,实现可持续发展的必由之路。省内各县市结合自身特点,在大力推进工业循环化发展中,呈现出传统产业集聚提升、优势产业补链延伸、静脉产业整合改造三种典型的推进模式。依托良好的市场竞争环境、产业集聚的规模效应、循环经济技术的不断进步和绿色政策的有力保障,浙江省工业循环经济的发展态势良好,对中国工业循环经济的推进发展具有一定的启发和示范意义。     

Iridodial: a powerful attractant for the green lacewing, Chrysopa septempunctata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The lacewing Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael is an important, common predator of several insects in China, Japan, Russia, and many parts of Europe. Our field trapping experiments in northeast China showed that males of this green lacewing are strongly attracted to the lacewing pheromone of Chrysopa oculata Say, (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial. The induced plant volatile, methyl salicylate, was unattractive to C. septempunctata by itself at the concentration tested, but synergistic when combined with iridodial where the lacewing population was high. (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-Nepetalactol and (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone (aphid sex pheromone components) caught significantly more males of C. septempunctata than did blank control traps, but were inferior to iridodial dispensers, which remained strongly attractive to C. septempunctata males for at least 2.5 months. These results indicate that (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial is a powerful attractant for C. septempunctata, and may have great potential for enhanced biological control of garden, agricultural, and forest insect pests.     

QHSE内部审核与综合大检查整合的探讨

2002年3月,秦京输油气分公司被列为中国石油管道公司的QHSE管理体系试点单位之一.在近几年的QHSE管理体系运行过程中,分公司全体员工不断提高认识,坚持从领导做起、从机关做起、从培训做起、从每一项具体工作内容做起,认真推行QHSE管理体系,并积极探索QHSE管理体系与分公司管理实际有效结合的方法和途径.为解决QHSE管理体系与实际工作"两张皮"的现象,分公司提出了介业管理的"四个一"要求.     

Influence of cadmium on antioxidant capacity and four microelement concentrations in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings were grown in four cadmium (Cd) levels of 0-10 microM in a hydroponic system to analyze the antioxidative enzymes, Cd concentration in the plants, and the interaction between Cd and four microelements. The results showed that there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in the plants subjected to 1-10 microM Cd. This indicates that Cd stress induces an oxidative stress response in tomato plants, characterized by an accumulation of MDA and increase in activities of SOD and POD. Root, stem and leaf Cd concentrations increased with its exposure Cd level, and the highest Cd concentration occurred in roots, followed by leaves and stems. A concentration- and tissue-dependent response was found in the four microelement concentrations to Cd stress in the tomato leaves, stems and roots. Regression analysis showed that there was a significantly negative correlation between Cd and Mn, implying the antagonistic effect of Cd on Mn absorption and translocation. The correlation between Cd and Zn, Cu and Fe were inconsistent among leaves, stems and roots.     

Effects of metsulfuron-methyl on the microbial population and enzyme activities in wheat rhizosphere soil

The effects of metsulfuron-methyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide, on the wheat soil microorganisms were evaluated by the methods of microbial inoculation culture, and the activities of three enzymes were measured using the colorimetric method. The tolerant microorganisms that can resist 500 microg x g(-1) metsulfuron-methyl in the counting culture medium were studied specially. Metsulfuron-methyl distinctly inhibited the common aerobic heterotriphic bacteria, but the effects on common fungi and common actinomycete were not evident. In the meantime, the number of tolerant fungi increased greatly in the rhizosphere after the application of metsulfuron-methyl in contrast to the significant decrease of the amount of tolerant actinomycete. It indicates that fungi might turn into the dominant microbial type and actinomycete is the sensitive factor in the soil polluted by sulfonylurea residues. The population of aromatic compounds-decomposing bacteria, aerobic azotobacter, and nitrite bacteria all increased in the earlier period, but the aerobic azotobacter decreased rapidly in number 30 days later, and the amount of nitrite bacteria also showed a temporary decrease with time 15 days later. However, the denitrifying bacteria just began to increase significantly after the crops had grown for 50 days. The amount of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria gradually decreased with the growth of crops, and so were the sulfate-reducing bacteria after metsulfuron-methyl application. To all types of microorganisms, there were more microbes in rhizosphere samples than those in nonrhizosphere except aerobic azotobacter. It means the growth of wheat root system can stimulate the growth of most microorganisms. The activities of hydrogen peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in soil samples after metsulfuron-methyl application were notably lower than those in the control, and the difference of the activities between the samples of rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere was evident. On the contrary, the activity of dehydrogenase was not inhibited by the application of metsulfuron-methyl, and the rhizosphere effect was not obvious either.     

剑湖流域土壤/沉积物重金属分布特征、来源解析及生态风险

以剑湖流域为研究对象,通过系统采集流域内陆地土壤、河流和湖泊沉积物样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定72个采样点镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、钒(V)和锌(Zn)等6种重金属含量,分析流域重金属分布特征,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法评估其污染程度,利...     

炼化企业实施职业健康监护项目与周期研究

从现行规范存在的问题入手,提出了确定炼化企业职业健康监护项目与周期的建议,旨在科学合理地指导炼化企业职业健康监护工作的运行操作。