污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵堆体流场模拟及应用研究简

运用Gambit软件建立了污泥好氧发酵堆体的多孔介质模型,通过自行设计的实验装置获得了堆体的通风粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数以及功能膜压差与透气量之间的关系,用Fluent软件分析了堆体不同截面形状及底部通风管数量对堆体通风均匀性的影响,为确定合理的通风管数量及截面几何形状提供理论依据。对上海奉贤区城镇污水厂污泥处理工程发酵仓进行堆体流场模拟,确定堆体采用小拱形截面形状,堆高2 m,宽8 m,底部设置4条通风管,实际运行效果良好。     

Direct N2O decomposition over La2NiO4-based perovskite-type oxides

Direct decomposition of N₂O by perovskite-structure catalysts including La₂NiO₄, LaSrNiO₄, and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by the Pechini method and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and O₂-TPD. Experimental results indicate that the properties of La₂NiO₄ are significantly improved by partially substituting La with Sr and Ce. N₂O decomposition efficiencies achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ are 44 and 36%, respectively, at 400ºC. As the temperature was increased to 600ºC, N₂O decomposition efficiency achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ reached 100% at an inlet N₂O concentration of 1,000 ppm, while the space velocity was fixed at 8,000 hr^?1. In addition, effects of various parameters including oxygen, water vapor, and space velocity were also explored. The results indicate that N₂O decomposition efficiencies achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ are not significantly affected as space velocity is increased from 8,000 to 20,000 hr^?1, while La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ shows better tolerance for O₂ and H₂O_(g). On the other hand, N₂ yield with LaSrNiO₄ as catalyst can be significantly improved by doping Ce. At a gas hour space velocity of 8,000 hr^?1, and a temperature of 600ºC, high N₂O decomposition efficiency and N₂ yield were maintained throughout the durability test of 60 hr, indicating the long-term stability of La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ for N₂O decomposition.

Implications:Nitrous oxide (N₂O) not only has a high global warming potential (GWP₁₀₀ = 310), but also potentially destroys ozone in the stratosphere. Pervoskite-type catalysts including La₂NiO₄, LaSrNiO₄, and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ are applied for direct N₂O decomposition. The results show that N₂O decomposition can be enhanced as Sr and Ce are doped into La₂NiO₄. At 600ºC, N₂O decomposition efficiencies achieved with LaSrNiO₄ and La_0.7Ce_0.3SrNiO₄ reach 100%, demonstrating high activity and good potential for direct N₂O decomposition. Effects of O₂ and H₂O_(g) contents on catalytic activities are also evaluated and discussed.     

Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage,in Southern China

The study was undertaken to evaluate the environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage in Southern China and research the influence of environment smoke tobacco (EST) to people through active and passive smoking. Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene were determined in 141 randomly selected voluntary residents aged 13 to 81 years in two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-exposed groups, two control groups, and an EST research group. The concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in PAH-exposed groups are significantly higher (p?PAHs (PAHm) are significantly elevated through active and passive smoking, while the influence of EST to other PAHm is not statistically significant. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine of smokers are, respectively, 3.9, 1.9, 1.4, and 1.9 times to those of nonsmokers. In nonsmokers, passive smokers excreted 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, and 1.5 times of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene compared to nonpassive smokers.     

生物陶粒——硅藻土联合工艺脱氮除磷

试验采用硅藻土和生物接触氧化组合工艺处理污水处理厂出水,氨氮从10mg／L下降到0．5mg／L以下,去除率70～95％;硅藻土澄清池对总磷的去除率高于95％;且对浊度、色度均有良好的去除效果。     

Damage to DNA of effective microorganisms by heavy metals: Impact on wastewater treatment

The research is to test the damage to DNA of effective microorganisms(EMs)by heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+, Pb2+,and Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM bacteria on wastewater treatment capability when their DNA is damaged.The approach applied in this study is to test with COMET assay the damage of EM DNA in wastewater with different concentrations of heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM treated with As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,and Zn2+ on COD degradin...     

中俄罗河黑龙江开放开发利用现状及保护对策

国际界河由于其独特的地缘关系及与国家间政治、经济和外交上的密切联系而备受重视。本文从中俄界河黑龙江水资源的开发利用、水环境现状及两国经济发展的实际出发，提出可持续利用与保护对策。     

加压上流式好氧污泥床(PUASB)法处理制药废水初探

在进水ＣＯＤ为５００－６００ｍｇ／Ｌ、压力ｐ＝０．２ＭＰａ、回／流比Ｒ＝６条件下,加压上流式好氧泥泥床平均ＣＯＤ去除率为７１％,出水基本达到国家排放标准;进水ＣＯＤ为１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以上,在ｐ＝０．３ＭＰａ、Ｒ＝６条件下,ＣＯＤ去除率仍可达到７０％左右。     

人口增长胁迫下的全球土地利用变化研究

人口和耕地、草地、森林４个因子构成一个理论上以人为中心的全球人地关系系统,在这个系统中,人口总量的变动势必引起耕地、草地和森林面积的数量增减和相互转化。该文构建了一个简单的人-地关系平衡模型,对１９７０～１９９５年和未来５０年全球人口增长胁迫下土地利用变化进行了分析。结果表明：①全球２５年来,在人口增长了５４６％的情况下,耕地面积和草地面积并没有大幅度增减。维持相对稳定的机制是以扩大灌溉面积和大量投入化肥为标志的农业技术进步使土地生产率提高了６３９％,从而抵消了人口增长胁迫耕地面积增加、草地和森林面积相应减少的压力。②未来５０年当中,人口将增加７４％,达到１００×１０^８,人均耕地、草场和森林面积将分别减少到低于０１３ｈｍ^２、０３４ｈｍ^２和０３７ｈｍ^２,在此情况下,由于将耕地面积扩大７４％不大可能,现有全球土地利用（覆盖）格局能否保持稳定的关键是依靠农业技术进步使耕地生产率提高７４％以上。③由于在原有维持土地覆盖变化相对稳定的机制中,扩大灌溉面积和大量投入化肥在未来难以继续发挥作用以提高土地生产率,假定现有耕地面积保持不变,现有耕地生产率水平不变,到２０５０年,耕地仍能养活比届时地球上预测生存人口还     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的微生物降解

通过驯化富集培养,从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳＩ,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯菌ＦＳＩ对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的生物降解特性。邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳＩ降解最适酸度为ｐＨ６．５～８．０,温度为２０～３５℃。菌株ＦＳＩ对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的生物降解反应速率遵循一级反应动力学模式。试验结果表明,菌株ＦＳＩ对邻苯二甲本二丁酯具有高效降解作用。     

基于人均生态承载力的安徽省资源环境公平性研究

通过对人均生态承载力内涵的扩展,提出了生态承载系数的概念。从多个时间断面出发,计算2001—2010年安徽省17个地市的人均生态承载力,并选取能源消耗、水资源消耗、SO2排放和COD排放4个评价因子,构建基于人均生态承载力的安徽省资源环境基尼系数和生态承载系数的计算与评价方法。结果表明:(1)安徽省SO2排放的资源环境基尼系数高于0.4的警戒线,能源消耗的资源环境基尼系数接近0.4的警戒线,水资源消耗和COD排放的资源环境基尼系数均处于相对平均等级。(2)总体来看,省内资源型城市马鞍山、淮南,经济较发达城市合肥和沿江工业城市安庆、芜湖是安徽省资源消耗和污染物排放不公平性的主要因子,需要优化资源环境分配;皖南山区城市黄山、池州和宣城是安徽省资源消耗和污染物排放公平性的主要因子。该研究可为安徽省资源环境安全性评估和分配提供理论依据。