湖南2008年极端冰冻特大灾害成因分析及影响评估

2008年初,湖南出现了有完整气象记录以来罕见的特大低温冰冻雨雪极端灾害天气.本次过程具有强度大、范围广、时间长、灾害重等特点,过程气温、冰冻、严寒期的多项评估指标创1949以来极值,综合评估为特大型气象灾害.从天气学角度出发,对此次低温冰冻雨雪天气形势进行了分析,同时对低温雨雪冰冻造成的湖南农业、电力、通信、交通等行业影响进行了评估.     

泥石流沟道侵蚀初探

泥石流是广泛分布于我国山区、破坏力极强的山地自然灾害之一,对山区经济发展、人民生命财产安全都有着极大的威胁.泥石流沟道侵蚀作为一种特殊的侵蚀类型,与一般水流相比,其侵蚀作用非常强烈,在一次过程中便可刷深沟床数米甚至数十米.泥石流沟道侵蚀的危害(桥梁、堤防基础暴露等)不亚于泥石流淤积.鉴于目前国内外在泥石流沟道侵蚀研究方面仍处于主要对野外观测资料进行简单分析的现状,对泥石流沟道侵蚀的模式和影响因素进行了探讨,建议今后应着重对泥石流沟道侵蚀动力学过程和机理的研究,建立泥石流沟道侵蚀特征与泥石流运动特征(流速、容重等)参数之间的定量关系.     

基于突变论的建筑突发事件研究

针对建筑突发事件的特点,提出利用突变论描述建筑突发事件,并将研究结果用于辅助处理突发事件决策.该方法根据7种基本的突变模型,用于描述大部分建筑内的突发事件.通过研究突变模型得出建筑内突发事件的特点和规律,并以此制定相应的决策策略.通过数学方法求解7种突变方程,将解的结果运用到突发事件的实际处理中,并将突发事件和决策作为案例存储在案例库中,遇到相似的突发事件时可以直接调用.结合实践表明,该方法对解决建筑突发事件效果显著.     

含溴氨酸体系中菌株NAX的生长及其吸附特性

从污染土壤筛选到的菌株NAX能在含溴氨酸的体系中生长,并能吸附溴氨酸。随碳源浓度的增加,菌体生长旺盛。体系中高浓度的溴氨酸和盐度抑制菌株生长。菌株对溴氨酸的吸附等温线数据用改型的Pearl生长模型拟合比用Freundlich方程好。这意味菌株吸附溴氨酸存在多层吸附机理。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in common fish species in the Pearl River Delta area, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) concentrations in 31 fish samples from 19 commonly consumed freshwater and saltwater species from the Pearl River Delta Area were analyzed. The PCDD/Fs dietary intake from fish for the local population was evaluated to provide a database for setting the national PCDD/F limits in fish for the People's Republic of China. The median concentration from the 31 fish samples was 1.27 pg/g wet weight for the total of PCDD/Fs, and the median WHO-TEQ was 0.26 pg/g wet weight, and ranged from 0.063 to 1.30 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet weight. The dominant contributors to the WHO-TEQ were 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, which accounted for 38% and 28%, respectively. The dietary intake of PCDD/Fs from fish for local people was estimated to be 0.47 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw x day. In view of the findings, the dietary of PCDD/Fs from other foods of animal origins in China should be studied in more detail as soon as possible in order that standards can be put forward to protect human health.     

The influence of storage on the morphology and physiology of phthalic acid-degrading aerobic granules

The precultured aerobic granules with special degradabilities could be used as a feasible bioseed for enhancement of aerobic granulation systems. In practice, the storage stability, physicochemical characteristics, and recovering efficiency of granules are crucial for a long-distance transportation and successful application. In this study, phthalic acid (PA)-degrading aerobic granules were cultivated and stored for 8 wk at 4 °C. The granular size, settling ability as well as structure integrity was found stable during the storage period. It was observed that the upper 1/3 part of granules stored in the reagent bottle turned to black color, while the lower 2/3 part granules did not significantly change color (brown–yellow) after the 8-wk storage. The black and brown–yellow color PA-degrading granules were manually separated and re-inoculated into two identical sequencing batch reactors for reviving the PA degradation capability. After a 7 d operation, both black and yellow granules restored their activities to the levels before storage, in terms of total organic carbon removal efficiency (100%), specific oxygen uptake rate (59 mg g VSS⁻¹ h⁻¹), and adenosine triphosphate content (0.016 mg g VSS⁻¹). This study demonstrated that aerobic granules grown on a complex substrate could tolerate storage conditions and rapidly restored their bioactivities toward the target pollutant. The results also shed the light on the future application of precultured aerobic granules with unique functions for biodegradation and bioremediation purpose.     

城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。     

一种应用于不均衡小样本集的石化设备故障智能诊断方法

针对实际生产中,石化设备故障呈现出“不均衡小样本”特性,致使传统诊断模型适用性不足,准确率低下这一问题,基于一类支持向量机(One-Class SVM)和遗传算法优化的支持向量机(GA-SVM),提出一种分步诊断策略。利用One-Class SVM构建超球诊断模型,可在没有任何故障先例的前提下实现异常状态辨识和未知故障甄别,提升算法对不均衡监测数据(正常样本数量远超故障样本数量)的适用性;利用GA-SVM,针对小样本故障数据集构建并优化智能诊断模型,判别故障模式,降低算法对大量有标签故障样本的依赖。故障诊断实验结果表明,该方法能够在不均衡小样本场景中显著降低漏报率、误报率和误诊率,对实验数据和工程数据的诊断准确率分别达99%和100%。     

新型全混合式厨余垃圾生物干化工艺效能实证研究

开发了一种新型连续进料全混合式厨余垃圾生物干化工艺,通过中试试验探究了该工艺运行效能及其对物料温度、含水率和热值的影响规律.结果表明,该工艺可显著缩短升温时间,维持物料>50℃的高温区段20h/d;在最佳运行条件（通风速率0.171m³/（kg·h）,最低控制温度45℃,干化周期7d）下,厨余垃圾含水率可降至（34.86±1.71）%,水分单位去除量达（716±23） kg_水/t_垃圾,运行能耗仅为77.91kW·h/t_垃圾,低位热值高达（6681±119） kJ/kg,满足垃圾焚烧进炉要求,可有效实现厨余垃圾快速衍生燃料化.