Photolysis of low concentration H2S under UV/VUV irradiation emitted from microwave discharge electrodeless lamps

The photolysis of simulating low concentration of hydrogen sulfide malodorous gas was studied under UV irradiation emitted by self-made microwave discharge electrodeless lamps (i.e. microwave UV electrodeless mercury lamp (185/253.7 nm) and iodine lamp (178.3/180.1/183/184.4/187.6/206.2 nm)). Experiments results showed that the removal efficiency (eta H2S) of hydrogen sulfide was decreased with increasing initial H2S concentration and increased slightly with gas residence time; H2S removal efficiency was decreased dramatically with enlarged pipe diameter. Under the experimental conditions with pipe diameter of 36 mm, gas flow rate of 0.42 standard l s(-1), eta H2S was 52% with initial H2S concentration of 19.5 mg m(-3) by microwave mercury lamp, the absolute removal amount (ARA) was 4.30 microg s(-1), and energy yield (EY) was 77.3 mg kW h(-1); eta H2S was 56% with initial H2S concentration of 18.9 mg m(-3) by microwave iodine lamp, the ARA was 4.48 microg s(-1), and the EY was 80.5mg kW h(-1). The main photolysis product was confirmed to be SO4(2-) with IC.     

Theoretical studies of the conformations and 19F NMR spectra of linear and a branched perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSAmide)

Technical perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and its derivatives, such as perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), are not clean compounds but, instead, complex mixtures of linear and branched isomers, and other compounds including sulfonate homologues. Questions have been raised as to whether the linear and the branched isomers behave differently in the environment. However, little is known about the physical properties or the finer details of the structures of the individual branched isomers. This study sought an effective computational method to model the preferred conformations of PFOS derivatives, and the energy differences between them and to determine if these results can be used to explain the temperature dependence of their NMR spectra. Good predictions of the 19F chemical shifts were obtained for some PFOSA-type molecules with a computational approach [B3LYP-GIAO/6-31++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)] that is relatively inexpensive. Large 5JFF couplings found in one of the branched isomers could be rationalized on the basis of the relevant F-F distances in the optimized structure. At low temperatures, the splitting observed in the NMR spectrum at C-1 for these sulfonamides can be explained by the existence of the two conformers predicted by the computations.     

Degradation of inhibitory substances by heterotrophic microorganisms during bioleaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge

The presence of organic acids was found to be inhibitory to the bioleaching of sewage sludge and the objective of the present study was to elucidate the roles of heterotrophic microorganisms in removing organic acids during the bioleaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Microbiological analysis showed that acetic and propionic acids posed a severe inhibitory effect on iron-oxidizing bacteria as reflected by a sharp decrease in their viable counts in the first 4d and it only started to increase 2d after the depletion of both acids. Biodegradation of these inhibitory organic acids was revealed by sharp increases in total fungi and acidophiles between day 3 and day 5 which coincided with degradation of organic acids. This was further confirmed by the increases in total counts of both acetate and propionate degraders in the same period. Two yeast strains Y4 and Y5 with strong ability to degrade acetate and/or propionate were isolated and identified as Pichia sp. and Blastoschizomycetes capitatus, respectively. B. capitatus Y5 was an more important player in removing the inhibitory organic acids during the bioleaching process since it could utilize both acetate and propionate as sole carbon source while Pichia sp. Y4 was an strict acetate degrader. Results from the present study not only provided the evidence for biodegradation of organic acids by heterotrophs, but also disclosed a biological mechanism for the initiation of bioleaching of organic acid-laden sewage sludge.     

Fenton氧化-生物接触氧化工艺处理甲醛和乌洛托品废水

采用Fenton氧化一生物接触氧化工艺处理含甲醛和乌洛托品的模拟废水（简称废水）,在H2O2（体积分数30％）加入量2．5g／L、H2O2与Fe^2＋质量浓度比3．75、反应时间3h、不调节废水初始pH的Fenton氧化预处理最佳操作条件下,废水COD从1000mg／L左右降至300mg／L,COD去除率达72％。原废水完全无法直接进行生化处理,经Fenton氧化预处理后其BOD,／COD约为0．5,易于生化处理。Fenton氧化一生物接触氧化工艺处理废水,生物接触氧化停留时间为12h时,废水COD去除率高达94％,处理后出水COD小于70mg／L,处理效果很好。     

间歇曝气SBR工艺脱氮除磷试验研究

采用间歇曝气序批式反应器(SBR)工艺,通过曝气时间、交替次数的调整对该系统的脱氮除磷效果进行了研究,最终将工艺确定为厌氧1.5 h、好氧1.0 h、缺氧1.0 h、好氧20 min、缺氧1.0 h、好氧20 min.同时进行批式试验,对不同阶段的反硝化除磷菌(DPAOs)占除磷菌(PAOs)的比例进行了计算.结果表明:该系统与最初的厌氧/好氧SBR相比节省了44%的曝气量,且对COD、总氮、氨氮和磷的去除率分别达88%、89%、100%和100%,系统中DPAOs所占比例为39%.     

听证一小步,良治一大步

召开公众意见听证会，是尊重公众自由表达权的具体体现，也是收集公众建议和意见，改进政府决策，建设以人为本的和谐社会的重要平台。     

升流式厌氧污泥层反应器处理城市废水的现状与发展

本文详细介绍了国内外采用升流式厌氧污泥层反应器处理城市污水的研究和应用现状,阐述了与其相关的理论与技术问题,分析了目前在生产中采用的三种主要工艺流程及运行效果并提出了令后的发展方向.     

煤和聚丙烯腈炭化过程中负载铁原子在表面与体相间的质量迁移

采用ＸＰＳ和Ａｒ＾＋离子刻蚀技术，研究了炭化过程中铁原子在煤和聚丙烯腈表面和体相间的质量分布规律。结果发现，随炭化进行铁原子由表面向体相迁移和富集，炭化温度升高，迁移和富集增加，表面浓度逐渐降低，以致铁原子沿粒子径向呈浓度梯度分布。     

Methods Currently Used in Testing Microbiological Degradation and Deterioration of a Wide Range of Polymeric Materials with Various Degree of Degradability: A Review

Biodegradation of polymeric materials affect a wide range of industries, information on degradability can provide fundamental information facilitating design and life-time analysis of materials. Among the methods currently used in testing, traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are tailored to readily degradable polymeric materials mostly and polymer blends with biodegradable components, but they are not applicable to the new generation of engineering polymers which are relatively resistant to biodegradation. However, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been tested for monitoring biodeterioration of high strength materials and the technique has very high sensitivity. A wide range of materials including electronic insulation polyimides, fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (FRPCs) and corrosion protective polyurethane coatings have been successfully measured under inoculation of degradative microorganisms using EIS. In addition, the mechanism of degradation of high strength polymers is mainly due to the presence of plasticizers in the polymer matrices. The information on various methods discussed in this review is intended to illustrate a suite of methods for those who are interested in testing biodeterioration of polymeric materials under different environmental conditions and in selecting appropriate techniques for specific applications.