Sorption of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) by clays and organoclays

This study focused on the sorption isotherms of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) on different original clays (i.e., zeolite, montmorillonite and attapulgite) and organoclay complexes. Sorption of organic pollutants was determined using gas chromatographic (GC) techniques to investigate the sorption behavior, and characterize the effect of, different organic cations. The original clays only sorbed low amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, and the sorptive curves can be classified as L-shaped. Organoclays exhibited higher amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption increased with increasing total organic carbon (OC) content of the organoclays. For hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-modified organoclays, the dominant adsorptive medium showed the partitioning sorption of hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction, indicating no competitive sorption. The sorptive curves can be classified as C-shaped of constant partition (CP). However, benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA)-modified organoclays exhibited competitive sorption. The sorption isotherm curves can be classified as S-shaped. The sorptive capacity of the HDTMA-modified organoclays for p,p'-DDT were higher than those for p,p'-DDE, but the BTMA-modified organoclays showed a reverse trend. This can be attributed to the different structures and shapes of organic cations, giving different sorptive mechanisms. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption onto HDTMA-modified organoclays were caused by chemical interaction, with the BTMA modified organoclays occuring due to physical sorption.     

Persistence and dissipation of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in red soils from the Yangtze River Delta area

Laboratory incubation trials were conducted to investigate the effects of several factors on the persistence as well as the dissipation of three synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in red soils obtained from the Yangtze River Delta region in China. The pyrethroids selected for investigation were cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, which continue to be used extensively to control pests on farmland in the region despite the concern that they are highly toxic to certain vertebrate and mammalian species. Data from this exploratory study showed that the dissipation half-lives (T _1/2) tended to correlate with soil pH and soil organic matter contents, but not with soil cation-exchange capacity. The T _1/2 values were seen to be shorter in soil samples fertilized with glucose than without. The rates of pyrethroid dissipation also tended to increase with increasing initial soil concentration, but were largely unaffected by whether the pesticides were present in the soil separately or as a mixture. Another noteworthy observation is that microbial activity appeared to dominate the degradation process. Findings of this type could offer valuable clues for future research directions in reducing pesticide persistence in soil, which in turn could lead to the ultimate reduction of environmental pollution caused by pyrethroid application to farmland in the region. Project supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project No. KSCX2-YW-N-038) and the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation (973), China (No. 2002CB4108010).     

矽卡岩型钼矿尾砂中重金属Mo的淋滤实验研究

运用动态淋滤法实验研究了辽宁葫芦岛地区矽卡岩型辉钼矿浮选法产生的尾矿中重金属钼的淋滤行为(15 ℃和35 ℃,淋溶液pH值4～9).结果表明:淋滤液均呈碱性,钼的质量浓度为7.5～14.2 mg·L-1,淋滤累积质量为54～69 mg,占总钼的12.56%～16.54%;与Pb、Cu和Zn等重金属随酸性排水淋滤迁移不同,钼在碱性环境中具有较强迁移性;尾砂中斜长石和钠长石等矿物因具有较强的产碱能力形成了尾砂内部的碱性环境;尾矿中MoS2和MoO3在碱性环境下转化为MoO42-是迁移的主要机制.pH值为5～9时,淋滤累积质量与pH值正相关.因酸可溶态钼发生溶解,pH值为4淋滤累积质量大于pH值为5时的淋滤累积质量,排水仍为碱性.温度能够加速淋滤速率,35 ℃淋滤液中钼质量浓度比15 ℃的高7%～10%.因此,对该区尾砂应该设置标准尾矿库封存管理,否则将对环境造成严重影响.     

不同生境条件下苦槠丛枝菌根对根际土壤磷酸酶活性的影响

以浙江千岛湖和宁波天童两个不同区域内的苦储(Castanopsis sclerophytta)为材料,对处于不同生境条件下的苦槠丛枝菌根(AM)进行了研究.结果表明:两地区土壤pH均处于苦储丛枝菌根生长发育的最适范围内,丛枝菌根的侵染率无明显差异;酸性磷酸酶为两区域内的主导磷酸酶,各种磷酸酶活性均是天童地区高于千岛湖地区;AM侵染率与根际土壤磷酸酶活性之间均呈现正相关,其中天童地区为显著相关,说明AM侵染率对根际土壤磷酸酶活性在某种程度上存在有一定的影响.     

活性炭纤维及其在环境保护领域中的应用

活性炭纤维 (ACF)是一种新型高效吸附剂 ,与颗粒活性炭 (GAC)相比 ,它具有比表面积大 ,吸附速度快 ,吸附容量大等等特点。本文介绍了活性炭纤维的主要性能和它在环境领域中的应用研究。     

无机离子SO42-对小麦幼苗积累稀土的影响

采用ＭＩＮＴＥＱＡ 程序计算出在无机离子SO₄^2-存在下,轻（Ｌａ）、中（Ｇｄ）、重（Ｙ）３ 种稀土元素在溶液中的形态分布．研究了在水培条件下ＳＯSO₄^2-对３种稀土元素在小麦幼苗根、茎和叶部的积累规律．热力学实验表明,小麦幼苗在加SO₄^2-的稀土元素溶液中培养３０ｄ 后,小麦根部对Ｌａ、Ｇｄ 的积累受抑制,而对Ｙ的积累却明显提高;加入SO₄^2-后茎叶部对Ｌａ、Ｙ积累值改变不明显,但对Ｇｄ的积累有所增加．生长动态实验表明,在SO₄^2-存在下,小麦幼苗根部对稀土的积累随时间增加而增加,其积累值符合线性递增函数方程,相关系数ｒ＞ ０．９４;而茎叶部最初积累能力较强,SO₄^2-的加入对小麦植株动态吸收稀土规律无明显影响．     

养猪场废水处理工艺研究

采用接触氧化－水解－两段接触氧化－混凝工艺处理高浓度养殖废水,通过试验得到最佳工艺参数,在最佳试验条件下,进水ＣＯＤｃｒ小于５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,经处理后出水ＣＯＤｃｒ平均去地９７％,ＢＯＤ５去除率大于９８％,氨氮去除率大于９６％,各项主要指标可达污水综合排放标准一级标准。     

350MW超临界锅炉与准东煤适应性试验研究

准东煤着火、燃尽、环保等特性优良,但因准东煤灰中碱金属含量高,锅炉燃用准东煤时极易出现炉膛严重结渣和对流受热面严重沾污问题,影响锅炉安全运行。为保证锅炉安全、经济燃用准东煤,对锅炉与准东煤的适应性进行研究,确定准东煤的最佳掺配比例,并对锅炉及其制粉系统进行优化调整,确保锅炉经济、安全可靠运行。     

Effects of individual ozone exposure on lung function in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in China

The aim of this study was to assess the acute health effects of individual ozone (O₃) exposure on the respiratory system in the elderly. A total of 40 non-smoking elderly volunteers completed personal 24 h of measurement for O₃ and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). To assess health effects, we measured the pulmonary function and five inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and tumor necrosis factor α/β (TNFα/β). We used the generalized additive model to analyze the association between O₃ and these health effects, after adjusting PM_2.5, BMI, and sex as confounders. As a result, we found a negative correlation between O₃ and forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expiratory volume-one second (FEV1). With the increasing of O₃ by 10 μg/m³, FVC and FEV1 decreased by 0.13 L (95% CI 0.01, 0.26) and 0.11 L (95% CI 0.02, 0.20), respectively. We found no statistical significance between O₃ and biomarkers in EBC. The results suggested that individual 24-h O₃ exposure was associated with decreased pulmonary function in the elderly.

     

氨氧化菌群的筛选及发酵条件的优化

利用选择性培养基对活性污泥进行连续驯化,筛选出氨氮去除效率较高且稳定的氨氧化菌群。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术分析了氨氧化菌群在连续传代过程中菌群的结构差异,并对菌群的发酵培养基及发酵条件分别进行了正交优化和单因子优化。结果表明,该菌群的最佳发酵培养基为每升培养基中含碳酸盐缓冲液15mmol,硫酸铵4.2 mmol,磷酸盐缓冲液12.5 mmol,硫酸亚铁0.9μmol,氯化钙0.4 mmol,硫酸镁1.5 mmol;最佳发酵条件为:接种量为14%,装液量为60 mL/250 mL,温度为35℃。在此条件下,菌群对氨氮的去除效果较优化前提高了155%。