黄河上中游水资源与粮食安全耦合关系特征分析——以陕甘宁青为例

探明陕甘宁青地区水资源与粮食安全的耦合特征,不仅有助于促进区域水资源及粮食生产的可持续发展,且对于经济社会发展具有重要意义。本文应用水资源负载指数及水足迹方法,通过分析区域水资源自然属性以及配置、粮食消费对水资源的需求等维度,系统分析了该区域水资源与粮食安全的耦合特征。结果表明：(1)2000—2016年,区域水资源总量呈不显著的增加趋势,水资源负载指数由3.9增加到13.1,相应的负载等级由Ⅲ级上升到Ⅰ级,说明不具备进一步开发的潜力;(2)农业生产的水资源被挤占,农业用水比例由78.6%(2004年)减小到76.1%(2016年),而区域粮食安全对水资源的需求数量在提高;(3)区域居民膳食结构由口粮性向动物性产品转变,进一步加剧了区域粮食和水资源的负担;区域粮食消费水足迹由2000年的79.7 Gm³增长到2016年100.1 Gm³。依据研究结果从区域种植结构优化潜力、节水灌溉技术和虚拟水贸易的层面提出提高区域蓝水、绿水利用效率,减少灰水数量的措施以便更好地缓解区域水资源压力,促进粮食生产和水资源利用的可持续发展。     

利用SPAMS研究天津市夏季环境空气中细颗粒物化学组成特征

天津市作为京津冀大气污染传输通道及环渤海经济带的重要城市,其环境空气中细颗粒物的化学组成特征及来源具有重大研究价值.本研究于2017年8月利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)采集了天津市津南区环境受体中细颗粒物的整月数据,旨在描述天津市夏季环境空气中细颗粒物的组分特征,定性判断主要污染源类.通过ART-2a聚类、合并后获得EC类颗粒,Fe-NO3颗粒,Na-K颗粒和金属类颗粒等12种颗粒类型,并对各类型颗粒在粒径分布和日变化上的特征进行了研究.EC颗粒随粒径增长数浓度占比降低,扬尘类颗粒和Fe-NO3颗粒相反;日变化结果显示光化学反应能够影响3类EC颗粒的日变化趋势,而Fe-NO3颗粒日间占比提升与白天工业生产活动排放有关.对观测时段内主要来向气团上颗粒物组成进行研究,监测点位夏季主要受西北和西南方向气团来向影响,当点位主要受西南方向上气团影响时,燃煤源的颗粒影响较大,而东南方向气团发生频率较高时,生物质燃烧源颗粒与海盐源颗粒贡献相对较高.     

武汉东湖底栖藻类对磷的滞留作用

测定了底栖藻类在武汉东湖沿岸带人工基质上建群时的生物量和藻垫中不同组分的磷含量,结果显示,建群期间底栖藻类的生物量(叶绿素a和无灰干质)与总磷(total phosphorus,TP)含量显著相关.建群早期藻垫中总磷的含量随底栖藻类生物量的缓慢增加而增加,随着以绿藻占优势的底栖藻类群落的发展,生物量呈指数级增加,藻垫的总磷含量也快速增加,两者同时在第28d达到最高峰值(Chl a=54.51μg·cm-2;TP=96.7μg·cm-2).单位生物量的藻垫对磷的滞留作用(TP/Chl a)随着底栖藻类生物量的积累而增强(最高达2.43 μg·μg-1).藻垫中钙磷、铁磷的百分含量相对较高,两者之和接近总磷的80%.除藻类细胞和藻垫中的其它生物含磷外,藻垫负荷的磷还可能来自底栖藻类光合作用所导致的金属磷的沉积、藻垫对水体中颗粒态磷的过滤和对底泥中释放磷的截留.     

天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中溶解性有机物组分的光降解

利用XAD树脂对沈阳市细河河水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).研究了天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中DOM组分的光降解特性.结果表明:太阳辐射作用下,冰体中的5种DOM组分均会发生光降解,其中HPO-A的光降解程度最高.光照80 h后,冰体中HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的UV-254去除率分别为43.4%、44.15%、45.9%、55.0%和58.8%.光降解作用对冰体中的荧光物质具有显著的去除效果.除了HPO-A中的类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质(Ⅰ)之外,DOM组分中的各类荧光物质的光降解程度均高于以DOC表征的整体有机物的光降解程度.光降解对DOM组分中类富里酸荧光物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质的去除效果优于对类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的去除效果.在冰体中DOM组分的光降解过程中,既发生THMs前体物的去除,也发生THMs前体物的生成.光降解使HPO-A中THMs前体物的量减少,使TPI-N中THMs前体物的量增加,而其他3种组分中THMs前体物的量的变化与光照时间有关.     

汾河下游地表水环境特征及污染源解析

水资源是区域发展的重要战略资源,地表水作为区域水资源的重要组成,其整体环境变化对于区域经济社会可持续发展具有重要的影响。本研究基于汾河下游15个水质监测断面2013—2017年的16项水质指标,采用水污染指数法(WPI)和多元统计方法,以水质定量评价为基础,评估了汾河下游地表水水环境特征及其变化的主要控制因素。结果表明：(1)汾河下游水质以《GB 3838—2002,地表水环境质量标准》中劣Ⅴ类水为主,WPI值的多年平均值为74.1—636.2;(2)水质的年际变化上,2015年Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水的占比最高,水质状况最差;(3)在空间上,位于汾河干流尧都区段及涝洰河的6个监测断面污染程度高于其他区域;(4)研究区营养盐(TP、NH₃-N)和耗氧有机污染物(COD_Mn、COD_Cr)等典型污染物主要来自城市生活污水、农业废水,霍州市和洪洞县的水质恶化受工业废水排放的影响最大。污染程度具有从北向南、从上游向下游逐渐减弱的特征。研究显示：汾河下游水环境污染严重,汾河干流道美桥—尧都段和涝洰河应当作为区域水环境治理的重点。     

铯对印度芥菜和菊苣植物螯合肽和金属硫蛋白含量的影响

以133Cs作为污染源,溶液培养印度芥菜和菊苣幼苗,研究植物螯合肽(phytochelatins,PCs)、金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)等含巯基肽类物质与Cs+胁迫毒理的内在联系。采用改良水培法培养印度芥菜和菊苣长至两片真叶,置于含铯[ρ(Cs~+)0~200 mg·L~(-1)]的营养液中培养一段时间后取样,测定幼苗地上部和根系生物量,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定Cs~+富集量,5,5’-二六硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)比色法测定PCs和MT含量。结果显示:随着Cs~+浓度[ρ(Cs+)25~200 mg·L~(-1)]增加,印度芥菜和菊苣地上部和根系生物量显著降低(P0.05),印度芥菜的生物量降低幅度小于菊苣;Cs~+的富集量均显著增加,印度芥菜对Cs~+富集量大于菊苣,印度芥菜地上部、菊苣根系分别是Cs~+的主要蓄积部位;非蛋白巯基肽类(non-protein thiol,NPT)、植物螯合肽(PCs)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量变化均呈现先升后降的趋势,均表现为根系地上部,印度芥菜菊苣。当ρ(Cs~+)100 mg·L~(-1)时NPT、PCs、GSH和MT达最大值。结果表明,菊苣对Cs~+处理敏感,印度芥菜具有较强的吸收和转运Cs~+的能力,Cs~+处理诱导合成PCs、GSH和MT含量显著增加,这是印度芥菜对Cs~+耐性较强的主要原因。     

Perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from coastal regions of the northern Bohai Sea,China

Concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in water and sediment from coastal Bohai Bay and surrounding rivers flowing into the bay. Of the 15 PFCs measured, PFOS and PFOA were detected with the greatest frequency. Concentrations in water ranged from<0.2 to 31 ng·L^?1 and<1.0 to 82 ng·L^?1 for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in sediments ranged from<0.1 to 2.0 ng·g^?1 dw and<0.1 to 0.5 ng·g^?1 dw, respectively. Concentrations of PFCs in Bohai Bay were less than those observed in other areas in Asia, but greater concentrations of ∑PFCs were observed in the Dalin River with concentrations increasing from upstream to downstream, and the greatest concentrations in sediment were observed in tidal flats. The ratio of ∑PFCs in sediment and water indicated that sediment could serve as a significant sink for PFUnA.     

Ecological risk assessment of arsenic and metals in sediments of coastal areas of northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China

Distributions of arsenic and metals in surface sediments collected from the coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China, were investigated. An ecological risk assessment of arsenic and metals in the sediments was evaluated by three approaches: the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the degree of contamination, and two sets of SQGs indices. Sediments from the estuaries of the Wuli and Yalu Rivers contained some of the greatest concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc. Median concentrations of cadmium and mean concentrations of lead and zinc were greater than background concentrations determined for the areas. All sediments were considered to be heavily polluted by arsenic, but moderately polluted by chromium, lead, and cadmium. Current concentrations of arsenic and metals are unlikely to be acutely toxic, but chronic exposures would be expected to cause adverse effects on benthic invertebrates at 31.4% of the sites.     

Aqueous photolysis of tetracycline and toxicity of photolytic products to luminescent bacteria

The extensive utilization of antibiotics in the pharmaceutical therapies and agricultural husbandry has led to the worldwide pollution in environments. In this study the photolysis behaviors of tetracycline (TC) and toxicity of its degradation products were investigated. The results showed that TC photolysis followed first-order kinetics. The photolysis rate was found to be dependent on the initial TC concentration and increasing TC concentration from 10 to 40mgl(-1) led to the decrease of the photolysis rate constant from 0.0045min(-1) to 0.0014min(-1). TC photolysis was highly pH-dependent and strongly enhanced at high pH value. Markedly elevated TC photolysis was also observed in the presence of nitrate and dissolved organic matter. Upon irradiation for 300min, only 15% reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) occurred in spite of quick conversion of 73% of TC, suggesting that a majority of TC transformed into intermediate products without complete mineralization. The intermediate products from TC photolysis were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) and the main photolysis products of TC were proposed. The toxicity of the photolysis compounds was evaluated using luminescent bacterium, and the results revealed that the toxicity increased with irradiation, indicative of a higher adversity risk of the degradation products of TC on bacteria upon photolysis.     

微生物固定化技术对微污染水源水脱氮的试验研究

针对微污染水源水贫营养和低碳源的特点,利用固定化微生物技术将异养硝化菌(WGX8、WGX18)、好氧反硝化菌(HF3、HF7)固定于自制悬浮纤维海绵球型填料上,研究了贫营养及好氧条件下水源水的生物脱氮过程.试验结果表明,在原水总氮2.7 mg/L、氨氮1.3 mg/L以及控制水温25 ℃、溶解氧3～4 mg/L条件下,经过19 d的连续运行,构建的生物膜系统对水中氨氮的去除率达到了100%,总氮去除率最高达到52%,处理效果稳定.