Changes in soil microbial biomass and Zn extractability over time following zn addition to a paddy soil

A laboratory incubation study was conducted using a paddy soil spiked with two quantities of Zn as soluble Zn(NO3)2 and unamended controls. Three single extractants (1 M ammonium acetate (pH 7.0), 0.43 M acetic acid and 0.05 M EDTA) were used to assess the bioavailability of Zn. Biological community assessments were made microbial biomass (chloroform fumigation), soil basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity. During the 84-day period of the experiment, addition of Zn at both 500 and 1,000 mg kg(-1) had little detectable effect on soil pH. The concentration of NH4OAc-extractable Zn decreased rapidly within the initial six weeks. The concentration of HOAc-extractable Zn showed no decrease during 84 days incubation. EDTA-extractable Zn was greater than NH4OAc- and HOAc-extractable fractions, and showed a similar trend to NH4OAc-extractable after incubation. Microbial biomass, soil basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity all decreased over time during 84 days incubation. Addition of Zn resulted in a significant increase in specific respiration (qCO2). Microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity did not appear to be influenced by added Zn, probably due to the strong buffering capacity of the soil. The Zn extracted by EDTA, HOAc and NH4OAc showed close relationships with each other (p < 0.001). Zinc extracted by 0.05 M EDTA and NH4OAc were highly correlated with soil basal respiration and specific respiration rate (p < 0.01). The results suggest that NH4OAc-extractable Zn combined with soil specific respiration could be used as parameters for risk assessment.     

Fungal degradation of metsulfuron-methyl in pure cultures and soil

A fungal strain capable of utilizing metsulfuron-methyl as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated from a metsulfuron-methyl treated soil. The degradation characteristics of metsulfuron-methyl by this fungal strain were investigated in liquid culture and soil. More than 79% of metsulfuron-methyl at concentrations of 0.10 mgl(-1), 1.0 mgl(-1) and 10.0 mgl(-1) in pure culture was degraded by strain MD after incubation for 7 days, whereas only 5.6%, 8.6% and 13.1% of metsulfuron-methyl were degraded at levels of 0.10 mgl(-1), 1.0mgl(-1) and 10.0 mgl(-1) in the controls, respectively. The incorporation of strain MD into soil was found to substantially increase the degradation of metsulfuron-methyl. Degradation was 7.5 and 3.8 times faster in strain MD amended soils than in sterilized and fresh soils. The results show that addition of the isolated strain MD enhances degradation of metsulfuron-methyl in water and soil.     

用SOS/Umu生物测试评价北方某自来水厂对遗传毒性物质的去除效果

大量研究表明,饮用水中存在着能导致遗传毒性的物质,在我国许多水厂水质检测能力有限的前提下,生物毒性指标作为反映有毒物质综合指标具有重要的现实意义.本研究应用SOS/Umu生物毒性测试评价了北方某市一自来水厂的A、B、C、D 4套试验工艺在不同的季节(冬春两季)各工艺段出水的遗传毒性效应.结果显示,冬春两季地表水加氯后遗传毒性效应均显著增加,冬季间接遗传毒性效应高于春季;活性炭吸附对去除遗传毒性物质效果显著,但后期加氯使遗传毒性效应增加;冬春两季比较,以及地下水和地表水比较,各工艺出水的遗传毒性效应差别很大.通过研究表明,本研究所应用的生物毒性测试SOS/Umu能够快速、准确地对水厂工艺过程中致突变物质的处理效果进行评价,能对工艺改进提出指导,是自来水质安全性评价的重要补充手段.     

利用粉煤灰处理生活污水的初步研究

粉煤灰虽然是一种固体废弃物,但已广泛应用于污水处理.本实验以锅炉房燃煤产生的粉煤灰为原料进行对生活污水的处理实验,主要研究在不同填料层高度,粉煤灰在单次进水和循环进水的情况下对生活污水中COD的去除率的差异;以及对高浓度垃圾渗滤液进行处理的对比性实验.结果表明,污水中COD的去除率随粉煤灰填料层高度的增加而提高,并且对低浓度生活污水中的COD去除效果较好.     

工程项目大气环境影响评价中污染物浓度叠加方法研究

本文对工程项目大气环境影响评价中污染物浓度叠加方法进行了研究。在叠加方法研究中,提出用判别指数判别筛选叠加方法。通过叠加方法筛选,选取了瞬时浓度,日均浓度叠加方法。经实例验证,证明方法是合理可行的,适用于大气污染物浓度叠加计算。     

藻类及其分泌物对混凝过程的影响研究

采用纯萍进行烧杯混凝试验，考察了试验藻种及其分泌物对混凝过程的影响，试验发现：藻类对混凝过程的影响与藻的种类，生长阶段及藻浓度有关；一般说来，藻类在浓度较低时，对混凝过程吸不同程度的促进作用，而在高浓度时，对混凝过程有不同程度的干扰。增加混凝剂投加量，调节ｐＨ，耐加氯可以减弱藻类及其分泌物对混凝过程的影响。     

关于环保行政管理部门推行ISO14001标准的建议

文章提出推行ISO14001标准,实施环境管理体系认证,不仅对减少污染物的产生与排放、资源能源的节约、保护环境资源起到了重要作用,而且对改善环境管理模式,提高管理水平,特别是环境管理水平起到了重要作用,分析了环保行政管理部门推行ISO14001标准必须具备一定的条件、目的和意义,强调指出绿色行政是行政管理部门工作的目标,ISO14001标准是行政管理部门实现绿色行政的工具与保证,对环保行政管理部门推行ISO14001标准在实施过程中的若干问题进行了讨论和建议.     

螺旋升流式反应器与SBR生物除磷系统的比较研究

利用螺旋升流式反应器(Spiral Up-Flow Reactor，SUFR)进行了生物除磷的试验研究，并且与SBR反应系统的处理效果进行了对比分析。SUFR反应系统稳定运行六个月的结果表明，对COD和TP的去除率分别达94％和96％以上，优于SBR的处理效果。流态试验表明SUFR反应器的螺旋流动特征使其接近于推流式反应器，有利于在空间上形成有机物的梯度分布。而且SUFR反应器的螺旋升流特征有利于微生物种群的多样化及颗粒污泥的形成，使得该系统所形成的微生物生态系统更稳定，污泥指数较低，污泥的稳定性较好。     

镉胁迫下小麦叶中超氧阴离子自由基的积累

在镉腔迫下，小麦中中超氧阴离子自由基的积累显增加，伴随ＭＤＡ含量升高，显示发生膜脂过氧化。镉腔迫使活性氧清降酶系统功能紊乱，其中ＳＯＤ酶活性下降，ＰＯＤ酶活性升高，在是ＣＡＴ酶活无显变化。     

微生物在环境保护中的应用现状及发展趋势

微生物在环境保护中起着非常重要 的作用。文章论述了微生物环境保护国内外应用现状，分析了未来发展趋势、 应用前景，最后对微生物资源的开发利用作了一些探讨。