利用特定的矿物分析结果由溶解度数据计算矿物标准生成自由能

引言 矿物的标准生成自由能(△G_f~0)是通过以下三个途径获得的:①由矿物反应进行理论计算;②由量热数据或③由水溶液溶解度数据计算。然而。在大多数情况下,△G_f~0是基于矿物的理想结构式而不是基于由特定的矿物样品的化学分析得到的实际矿物分子式来计算的。因为结晶构造中的离子取代在矿物中是普遍存在的,所以矿物的成份一般与理想的不一致。因此依据理想分子式计算的自由能会有误差,当用于制作矿物的稳定图时将产生误解。本文的目的是:(1)由     

含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩类

<正> 前言 金伯利岩传统上被认为是金刚石唯一的主要的原生矿源。但是,美国阿肯色州含金刚石的普雷里溪岩筒最近被确定为钾镁煌斑岩类。在西澳大利亚金伯利地区,新近发现的某些含金刚石的岩体,也被划为金伯利岩。但是,我们认为,这些岩石应属于钾镁煌斑岩类。结论是:钾镁煌斑岩类可以含有大量金刚石。本文     

巴西的金伯利岩

<正> 1725年碎粒金刚石首次发现于米纳斯吉拉斯州中部的迪阿曼蒂纳,后来在巴西其他几个地方也找到了金刚石。因而,巴西便成为十八世纪到十九世纪之间世上主要的金刚石生产国。可是于1870年在南非,随后在扎伊尔发现了碎粒及原生金刚石以后,巴西就很快地从世界主要会刚石生产国的特殊位置退了下来,今天巴西的金刚石年产量约居第十一位。 另一方面,1870年在南非发现金伯利岩,这对巴西有好处,因为它直接刺激了巴西的金伯利岩探查工作。O.A.Derby(1898)、H.Porcheron(1903)和E.Hussak(1906)开拓了这方面的研究工作,推测在     

1981年碳酸盐概况

<正> 1981年碳酸盐研究有无重大突破,时间将作出回答。诚然,有一些振奋人心的进展。这些进展许多是由于研究方向的改变或侧重点与以往不同所取得的。如果从这种眼前利益的观点采看,许多成果似乎都是由于把老方法应用于新情况,新观点应用于老问题以及所召开的那些有助于综合资料和总结当前研究现状的专题讨论会和学术报告会所致。 对于现代深水碳酸盐,尤其是它们在大陆坡和台地内盆地(如巴哈马地区)的沉积作用、沉积学特征及海相成岩作用,仍在进行大量的工作,通常采用的     

在海洋运输中进入大空气中的烃类对世界海水的污染

到目前为止,海洋石油运输引起的世界海洋的污染,一般认为是由于油船排放的受石油残渣污染的压舱水,以及船舶失事时溢油事故等造成的。 最近,主要的注意力被引向排放的底舱水和在运输与装舱过程中溢出的石油及石油产品以此作为海洋环境的污染源,而根本没有研究在石油运输中对大气环境的污染。     

Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at ambient temperature

IntroductionPhenolistherawmaterialforthecommercialproductionofawidevarietyofresins ,includingphenolicresinsasconstructionmaterialsforautomobilesandappliances,expoxyresinsasadhesives ,andpolyamideforvariousapplications.Inaddition ,phenolsareoftenfoundinwas…     

Ozonation of refractory chemicals in leachate with hydrogen peroxide

Nearly 97% of organic chemicals in Hong Kong leachate could be effectively removed by the UASB( upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) process followed by the fenton coagulation. The COD of leachate was lowered from an average of 12900 mg/L to 1440 mg/L after the UASB treatment, and was further lowered to 394 mg/L after the fenton coagulation. The remaining refractory residues could be further removed by ozonation with the addition of H2Oz. The ozonation for the supernatant of the fenton coagulation was most effective at pH 7-8, with the addition of 300 mg/L of H202, and 30 min of reaction. The final effluent contained only 85 mg/L of COD and 10 mg/L of BOD5. On the other hand, direct ozonation of UASB effluent lowered the COD to 905 mg/L and BOD5 to 103 mg/L. Ozonation improved the biodegradability of the organic residues, and also converted oart of oruanic-N in the leachate into NH3-N and NO3^- -N.     

不同条件下固液二相流在多孔隙介质中入渗规律

针对生产实际中存在大量二相流在多孔介质中的入渗滞留问题,采用细粒石英砂配置成悬浊液进行砂柱渗透正交模拟实验,研究不同因素对二相流入渗的影响。选定了多孔介质粒径、二相流颗粒粒径、二相流质量分数、水头高度等4项因素,分别取3项水平因子,制定L9(34)正交试验表,然后进行砂柱实验。采用渗透系数变化率ks指标来表征各因素对多孔介质渗透性能的影响程度。结果表明,上述各因素对砂柱渗透系数变化率的影响程度由低到高依次为二相流质量分数、二相流颗粒粒径、水头高度、多孔介质粒径,多孔介质粒径是本实验的主要影响因素。     

Natural and anthropogenic sources of lead, zinc, and nickel in sediments of Lake Izabal, Guatemala

Sediments in Lake Izabal, Guatemala, contain substantial lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni). The lack of historical data for heavy metal concentrations in the sediments makes it difficult to determine the sources or evaluate whether inputs of metals to the lake have changed through time. We measured the relative abundances and concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni by X-Ray Fluorescence core scanning and by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry in three sediment cores to explore stratigraphic distributions of metals in the lake deposits. High amounts of Pb and Zn in the core taken near the Polochic Delta suggest that galena and sphalerite mining increased Pb and Zn delivery to Lake Izabal between ~1945 and 1965 CE. An up-core Ni increase in the core taken near a different mine on the north shore of Lake Izabal suggests that recent nickel mining operations led to an increase in Ni concentrations in the local sediments, but amounts in the other cores indicate that Ni is not widely distributed throughout the lake. Sediment cores from Lake Izabal are reliable recorders of heavy metal input to the lake, and were measured to establish background metal levels, which would otherwise be unavailable. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni in older, pre-20th-century Lake Izabal sediments reflect input from natural erosion of bedrock. Our results provide previously unavailable estimates of background metal concentrations in Lake Izabal before the onset of mining. These results are necessary for future monitoring related to mining contamination of the lake ecosystem.