全文获取类型
收费全文 | 17406篇 |
免费 | 149篇 |
国内免费 | 115篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 419篇 |
废物处理 | 658篇 |
环保管理 | 1953篇 |
综合类 | 5331篇 |
基础理论 | 3628篇 |
环境理论 | 2篇 |
污染及防治 | 4116篇 |
评价与监测 | 883篇 |
社会与环境 | 619篇 |
灾害及防治 | 61篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 206篇 |
2017年 | 189篇 |
2016年 | 292篇 |
2015年 | 220篇 |
2014年 | 323篇 |
2013年 | 1167篇 |
2012年 | 375篇 |
2011年 | 523篇 |
2010年 | 499篇 |
2009年 | 557篇 |
2008年 | 582篇 |
2007年 | 603篇 |
2006年 | 534篇 |
2005年 | 471篇 |
2004年 | 508篇 |
2003年 | 463篇 |
2002年 | 445篇 |
2001年 | 620篇 |
2000年 | 420篇 |
1999年 | 284篇 |
1998年 | 205篇 |
1997年 | 197篇 |
1996年 | 194篇 |
1995年 | 234篇 |
1994年 | 243篇 |
1993年 | 208篇 |
1992年 | 224篇 |
1991年 | 233篇 |
1990年 | 255篇 |
1989年 | 230篇 |
1988年 | 181篇 |
1987年 | 184篇 |
1986年 | 181篇 |
1985年 | 181篇 |
1984年 | 202篇 |
1983年 | 189篇 |
1982年 | 197篇 |
1981年 | 208篇 |
1980年 | 170篇 |
1979年 | 180篇 |
1978年 | 148篇 |
1977年 | 141篇 |
1974年 | 148篇 |
1973年 | 146篇 |
1968年 | 157篇 |
1967年 | 185篇 |
1966年 | 154篇 |
1965年 | 148篇 |
1964年 | 151篇 |
1963年 | 139篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 17 毫秒
581.
J. L. Zhang Y. P. Li G. H. Huang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(7):5036-5053
In this study, a robust simulation–optimization modeling system (RSOMS) is developed for supporting agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) effluent trading planning. The RSOMS can enhance effluent trading through incorporation of a distributed simulation model and an optimization model within its framework. The modeling system not only can handle uncertainties expressed as probability density functions and interval values but also deal with the variability of the second-stage costs that are above the expected level as well as capture the notion of risk under high-variability situations. A case study is conducted for mitigating agricultural NPS pollution with an effluent trading program in Xiangxi watershed. Compared with non-trading policy, trading scheme can successfully mitigate agricultural NPS pollution with an increased system benefit. Through trading scheme, [213.7, 288.8]?×?103 kg of TN and [11.8, 30.2]?×?103 kg of TP emissions from cropped area can be cut down during the planning horizon. The results can help identify desired effluent trading schemes for water quality management with the tradeoff between the system benefit and reliability being balanced and risk aversion being considered. 相似文献
582.
Innocent Jayawardene Marc Chenier H. David Gardner 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(9):1028-1037
This study investigates the application of the Aerosol-to-Liquid Particle Extraction System (ALPXS), which uses wet electrostatic precipitation to collect airborne particles, for multi-element indoor stationary monitoring. Optimum conditions are determined for capturing airborne particles for metal determination by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), for measuring field blanks, and for calculating limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). Due to the relatively high flow rate (300 L min?1), a sampling duration of 1 hr to 2 hr was adequate to capture airborne particle-bound metals under the investigated experimental conditions. The performance of the ALPXS during a building renovation demonstrated signal-to-noise ratios appropriate for sampling airborne particles in environments with elevated metal concentrations, such as workplace settings. The ALPXS shows promise as a research tool for providing useful information on short-term variations (transient signals) and for trapping particles into aqueous solutions where needed for subsequent characterization. As the ALPXS does not provide size-specific samples, and its efficiency at different flow rates has yet to be quantified, the ALPXS would not replace standard filter-based protocols accepted for regulatory applications (e.g., exposure measurements), but rather would provide additional information if used in conjunction with filter based methods.
ImplicationsThis study investigates the capability of the Aerosol-to-Liquid Particle Extraction System (ALPXS) for stationary sampling of airborne metals in indoor workplace environments, with subsequent analysis by ICP-MS. The high flow rate (300 L/min) permits a short sampling duration (< 2 hr). Results indicated that the ALPXS was capable of monitoring short-term changes in metal emissions during a renovation activity. This portable instrument may prove to be advantageous in occupational settings as a qualitative indicator of elevated concentrations of airborne metals at short time scales. 相似文献
583.
Patterns of land-use and land-cover change are usually grouped into one of two categories defined by the dominant trend: (1) deforestation resulting from expanding agriculture and (2) forest expansion, usually related to the abandonment of marginal lands. At regional scale, however, both processes can occur simultaneously even in the absence of net change. Given the focus on net change, such redistribution of agricultural and natural and seminatural lands has been generally overlooked. The interaction between agriculture modernization, human demography and complex topographic gradients of northwestern Argentina has resulted in processes of both forest recovery and deforestation, thus providing the opportunity to analyze patterns and driving forces of land-cover redistribution. We analyzed 20 years (1986–2006) of land-cover change in a subtropical watershed in relation to topographic and demographic variables. Although net forest change represented <1 %, forests redistribution affected 7 % of forest lands. There was a consistent geographic segregation of deforestation and forest recovery, with forests expanding over steep highlands and agriculture expanding over lowland irrigated areas. Population trends were not associated to forest expansion in lowlands but they explained 32 % of forest recovery in highlands. Highland forest expansion and lowland deforestation, respectively, imply conservation opportunities for humid montane forests and the environmental services they provide (e.g., watershed conservation) and threats for the conservation of dry forests and its biodiversity. Our study exemplifies the importance of land-use redistribution (rather than net change) with relevant environmental consequences at regional scale. 相似文献
584.
N.R. Banapurmath W.M. Budzianowski Y.H. Basavarajappa R.S. Hosmath V.S. Yaliwal P.G. Tewari 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2014,7(1):55-70
The diminishing resources and continuously increasing cost of petroleum in association with their alarming pollution levels from diesel engines has led to an interest in finding alternative fuels to diesel. Emission control and engine efficiency are two of the most important parameters in current engine design. The impending introduction of emission standards such as Euro IV and Euro V has forced research towards developing new technologies for combating engine emissions. This paper examines the effects of compression ratio, swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of compressed natural gas (CNG) blended with Honge oil methyl esters (HOME) in a dual fuel engine. The present results show that the combustion of HOME and 15% ethanol blend with CNG induction in a dual-fuel engine operated in optimized parameters at an injection timing of 27° Before Top Dead Centre and a compression ratio of 17.5 resulted in acceptable combustion emissions and improved brake thermal efficiencies. The implementation of swirl augmentation techniques increased brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs) and considerably reduced combustion emissions such as smoke, HC, CO and NOx. The addition of ethanol also increased BTEs. However, at more than 15% of ethanol in HOME, NOx emissions increased dramatically. 相似文献
585.
Probabilistic impacts of climate change on flood frequency using response surfaces II: Scotland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. L. Kay S. M. Crooks H. N. Davies N. S. Reynard 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(3):1243-1255
This paper uses a sensitivity framework approach to look at the probabilistic impacts of climate change on 20-year return period flood peaks, by applying a set of typical response surfaces alongside the probabilistic UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) for 10 river-basin regions over Scotland. The first paper of the pair used the same approach for 10 river-basin regions over England and Wales. This paper develops the methodology for Scotland, by first enabling better estimation of the response type of Scottish catchments. Then, as for England and Wales, the potential range of impacts is shown for different types of catchment in each river-basin region in Scotland, and regional average impact ranges are estimated. Results show clear differences in impacts between catchments of different types and between regions. The Argyll and West Highland regions show the highest impacts, while the North-East Scotland region shows the lowest impacts. The overall ranges are generally smaller for Scotland than England and Wales. 相似文献
586.
587.
Kishor Atreya Fred H?kon Johnsen Bishal Kumar Sitaula 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2012,14(4):477-493
There is a growing concern of pesticide risks to human health, natural environment and ecosystems. Many previous economic valuations have accounted health aspects or environmental components, but rarely combined; thus, overall risk assessment is partially distorted. The study, conducted close to the capital of Nepal, addressed the health effects of pesticides on small-scale farmers and evaluated the monetary risks of pesticide use on human health and environmental resources. We also aim to establish the relationships among valuation methods. The paper adopts cost of illness, defensive expenditure and contingent valuation willingness to pay approach. The study concluded that the methods used for valuing pesticide risks to human and environmental health are theoretically consistent. The exposed individuals are likely to bear significant economic costs of exposures depending on geographical location, pesticide use magnitudes and frequency. Individuals are willing to pay between 53 and 79% more than the existing pesticide price to protect their health and environment. The integrated pest management training is less likely to reduce health costs of pesticide exposure, although it leads to higher investment in safety measures. 相似文献
588.
H. C. Wohlers M. Feldstein 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):226-229
The problem of an investigation of the need for a regulation on organic compound emissions in the San Francisco Bay Area can be divided into two major areas: 1. Is there a need for a regulation on organic compound emissions? What is the extent of photochemical smog effects? How much control is necessary to achieve the desired effects? 2. (2) If the need exists for an organic compound regulation, can a performance type regulation be written for all types of organic compound emissions? Must the regulation be directed toward specific industries or types of emissions? Can the regulation be adequately enforced—both practically and legally? This paper will describe the studies undertaken by the District Staff to answer the first set of questions. Work covering the second group of questions is now under investigation. 相似文献
589.
H. A Belyea W. J Holland 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):320-323
Field tests were conducted on 82 fuel-burning installations ranging from 50 to 500 hp, fired with residual fuel oils. A flame pyrometer was used to measure peak flame temperatures. Coarse particulates were measured by impingement on adhesive paper strips inserted at right angles to the gas flow and fine particulates by filtration of the gas sample through filter paper. Both were evaluated using a standard Bacharach Scale. The tests clearly established that both coarse and fine particulate matter invariably occurred with low flame temperatures but decreased appreciably when peak flame temperatures reached approximately 2650°F; Minimum values were observed at temperatures somewhere between 2750 and 2850°F. This research was conducted as a result of the problem of acid smut and carbonaceous (ceno-sphere) fallout which appears to have increased with the advent of modern high-efficiency low-temperature heating installations and taller, cooler operating chimneys; sudden deluges of particles from the chimney serving large oil-burning plants soil clothing, pit car finishes, and damage nylon stockings and other materials. 相似文献
590.
A. H. Phelps Jr. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):505-507
Informative Report No. 8 on soap and detergent manufacture is one of a series of survey reports prepared by APCA’s Tl-2 Committee on air pollution problems and control methods encountered in the chemical industry today. 相似文献