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34.
E.W. Lees 《Natural resources forum》1993,17(4):288-293
Energy efficiency is often stated to be the most cost-effective measure for satisfying our energy demand with minimal environmental damage. However, the potential energy savings attainable in 'the real world' are frequently overestimated, as is shown in an industrial case study of the glass industry. Nevertheless, there are significant energy savings to be realized, and the role of new technologies in this is important. However, the key to the effective use of new technology for improved energy efficiency is good management and. for best effect, it must be integrated into the normal resource management activities of a company. 相似文献
35.
An experimental investigation of explanations for inconsistencies in responses to second offers in double referenda 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anthony C. Burton Katherine S. Carson Susan M. Chilton W. George Hutchinson 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2003,46(3):472
This paper demonstrates the potential for induced preference experiments to test previously unverified explanations of observed behavior in contingent valuation surveys. The NOAA Panel on Contingent Valuation called for experimental evidence on potential biases in the double referendum format. We test Carson, Groves, and Machina's (Incentives and informational properties of preference questions, Plenary address to the European Association of Resource and Environmental Economists, Oslo, Norway, June 1999) simple cost uncertainty and weighted averaging explanations of inconsistent responses to follow-up offers in such double referenda against a baseline of certainty and truthful preference revelation. The results find evidence to support the Weighted Average hypothesis. Results regarding the cost uncertainty hypothesis are more ambiguous and merit further investigation. 相似文献
36.
Because the classification of extant and fossil articulate brachiopods is based largely upon shell characters observable in fossils, it identifies morphotaxa whose biological status can, in practice, best be inferred from estimates of genetic divergence. Allozyme polymorphism and restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA RFLP) have been used to show that nuclear and mitochondrial genetic divergence between samples of the cancellothyridid brachiopods Terebratulina septentrionalis from Canada and T. retusa from Europe is compatible with biological speciation, but the genetic distances obtained were biased by methodological limitations. Here, we report estimates of divergence in 12S rDNA mitochondrial sequences within and between samples of these brachiopods. The sequence-based genetic distance between these samples (5.98ǂ.07% SE) is at least 10 times greater than within them and, since they also differ in a complex life-history trait, their species status is considered to be securely established. Divergence levels between 12S rDNA genes of three other cancellothyridids, T. unguicula from Alaska, T. crossei from near Japan, and Cancellothyris hedleyi from near Australia are higher than between the two North Atlantic species, and the mean nucleotide distance between all these cancellothyrids is similar to the mean distance between species of Littorina (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Sequences of both 12S and 16S genes from cancellothyridids and other short-looped brachiopod species show neither saturation nor lineage-specific rate differences and, when analysed with different outgroups, either separately or together, yield one unexpected, but well-supported, tree with Alaskan T. unguicula basal and C. hedleyi nested within Terebratulina, i.e. these genera are paraphyletic. A geologically dated divergence between Antarctic and New Zealand species of the short-looped brachiopod Liothyrella is used to calibrate the rate of 12S divergence at ca. 0.1% per million years (MY), and this rate is used to infer that T. septentrionalis and T. retusa have been diverging for ca. 60 MY and that they and T. unguicula have been diverging from their last common ancestor for ca. 100 MY. This indicates a Mesozoic origin for the present-day distribution of cancellothyridids and the basal position of T. unguicula suggests a possible North Pacific centre of origin, with separate Atlantic and Pacific radiations. The inclusion of Cancellothyris within Terebratulina also shows that adult shell characters such as umbo, foramen and symphytium shape, whilst probably indispensible for the practical classification of fossils, are not reliable guides to genealogy. 相似文献
37.
Daytime sampling of mangrove and seagrass (Halophila/Halodule community) habitats every 7 wk at Alligator Creek, Queensland, Australia, over a period of 13 mo (February 1985–February
1986) using two types of seine net, revealed distinct mangrove and seagrass fish and crustacean faunas. Total abundance of
fish and relative abundance of small and large fish also varied between habitats and seasonally. Post-larval, juvenile and
small adult fish captured with a small seine-net (3 mm mesh) were significantly more abundant (4 to 10 times) in the mangrove
habitat throughout the 13 mo of sampling. Mangrove fish abundance showed significant seasonality, greatest catches being recorded
in the warm, wet-season months of the year. Relative abundances of larger fish (captured in a seine net with 18 mm mesh) in
the two habitats varied throughout the year, but did not show a seasonal pattern. At the same site, small crustaceans were
significantly more abundant in the mangroves in all but one dryseason sample. Similar comparisons for three riverine sites,
sampled less frequently, in the dry and wet seasons of 1985 and 1986, respectively, showed that in general mangrove habitats
had significantly more fish per sample, although the relative abundance of fish in mangroves and other habitats changed with
season. Crustacean catches showed a similar pattern, except that densities among sites changed with season. Fish and crustacean
abundance in mangroves varied among sites, indicating that estuaries differ in their nursery-ground value. The juveniles of
two commercially important penaeid prawn species (Penaeus merguiensis and Metapenaeus ensis) were amongst the top three species of crustaceans captured in the study, and both were significantly more abundant in the
mangrove habitat. By contrast, mangroves could not be considered an important nursery for juveniles of commercially important
fish species in northern Australia. However, based on comparisons of fish catches in other regions, the results of the present
study indicate the importance of mangroves as nursery sites for commercially exploited fish stocks elsewhere in South-East
Asia.
Contribution No. 378 from the Australian Institute of Marine Science 相似文献
38.
ABSTRACT: Two dynamic programming models — one deterministic and one stochastic — that may be used to generate reservoir operating rules are compared. The deterministic model (DPR) consists of an algorithm that cycles through three components: a dynamic program, a regression analysis, and a simulation. In this model, the correlation between the general operating rules, defined by the regression analysis and evaluated in the simulation, and the optimal deterministic operation defined by the dynamic program is increased through an iterative process. The stochastic dynamic program (SDP) describes streamflows with a discrete lag-one Markov process. To test the usefulness of both models in generating reservoir operating rules, real-time reservoir operation simulation models are constructed for three hydrologically different sites. The rules generated by DPR and SDP are then applied in the operation simulation model and their performance is evaluated. For the test cases, the DPR generated rules are more effective in the operation of medium to very large reservoirs and the SDP generated rules are more effective for the operation of small reservoirs. 相似文献
39.
A significant positive correlation between the lipid content of eight fish species and their bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is demonstrated. The log BCF value on a lipid basis is in good agreement with the log n-octanol/water partition coefficient. 相似文献
40.
W. F. Wood 《Marine Biology》1987,96(1):143-150
During spring and summer, 1982–1986, experiments were carried out near Marmion Reef, Western Australia. In summer, nearly 30% of the surface solar ultraviolet radiation (280 to 400 nm) penetrates offshore waters to 5 m depth. Experimental removal of the mature Ecklonia radiata kelp canopy in summer results in tissue damage, photopigment destruction, reduced growth, and low survivorship of subcanopy kelp sporophytes. These effects do not occur with canopy removal in winter. Laboratory experiments revealed that the UV component of radiation, rather than intense photosynthetically active radiation, was responsible for the inhibition of growth and photodamage. UV radiation probably affects survival of the settlement stages of E. radiata sporophytes, thus excluding them from otherwise suitable substrata in shallow waters. UV radiation is implicated in the reduction of canopy productivity in summer. 相似文献