二茂铁灭火实验平台研制与灭火有效性研究

虽然二茂铁作为新型的灭火剂已经受到很多学者的关注,且进行了大量的研究工作,但还没有二茂铁时于液相或固相燃烧的火焰的作用方面的相关研究.为此,建造了小尺寸的二茂铁灭火实验平台,用于二茂铁对液体火焰抑制作用的研究.该实验台可以测试二茂铁灭火过程中火焰的温度、烟气的成分和燃料的质量等参数的变化.本文对该实验台的装置的设计进行了详细的介绍,并列出了实验中的部分数据,实验数据表明,二茂铁在实验设计的工况下可以有效地熄灭酒精火.     

大型水利工程对洞庭湖区水资源开发利用的影响

洞庭湖区北靠长江,南汇湘、资、沅、澧四水,水资源总量相对丰富,然而近年来在气候变化与人类活动的双重驱动下,开始呈现"旱涝并存、旱涝交替"的特征,水资源供需矛盾逐渐加剧。为探讨上游大型水利工程(主要为三峡工程与四水流域控制性枢纽工程)的运行对洞庭湖区水资源开发利用的影响,结合近50a来长江干流及四水水位与水资源情势的演变规律和总体趋势,对比分析了不同时间节点下洞庭湖区水位与水资源总量的年际、年内变化特征,以期从众多的影响因子中辨识出大型水利工程的影响,为湖区水资源的合理开发与保护提供一定依据。结果表明:三峡工程建成运行初期,对于洞庭湖区的水资源开发利用产生了一定的不利影响,且影响主要集中在荆南三口地区,而四水工程的影响相较之下并不显著。     

中国西部环境政策回顾及建议

西部生态环境脆弱而屏障作用显著.在新一轮西部大开发的背景下,对过去西部地区生态环境保护与管理政策进行回顾和总结,辨析其实施成效与存在的问题,并进一步提出相关政策建议,对今后西部国土开发和生态环境保护具有重要意义.本文通过对我国西部生态环境政策进行梳理和分析,发现:①西部地区的生态环境政策在不同阶段具有不同特征,改革开放以前(1949-1977年)主要是开发带动治理,改革开放-西部大开发之前(1978-1999年)逐渐由开发转变为以保护为主,西部大开发十年期间(2000-2010年)开始全面实施生态环境保护和建设;②在空间上,通过自然保护区设置、生态移民、财政转移支付和差别化的生态环境政策,在一定程度上促进了生态、社会、经济的协调发展;③在各项政策和工程实施下,西部生态环境退化趋势得到明显缓解,同时,农牧民的生活条件和经济收入得到较大提高,在生态环境治理、全社会参与、环保投资等方面探索出诸多成功经验;④生态环境政策还存在一些亟待解决的问题,如生态环境建设多以各个部门主导,缺乏统一规划和政策协调,有些政策缺乏充足的科学依据,生态补偿政策缺乏总体还需进一步完善,环境政策实施效果评估,反馈环节还较薄弱等.针对这些问题,本文最后提出建议.     

中国能源安全分析:基于最优消费路径视角

进入新世纪以来,中国能源生产不能满足能源需求的强劲增长,导致能源对外依赖性较大,能源进口和海外开发又面临较多挑战。国内能源开发粗放,能源利用效率低下,新能源和可再生能源发展较晚,能源战略储备不完善等问题也很突出。本文在中国具体实际的基础上,通过建立一个简单的两时期消费最优化模型,并综合考虑本国能源与能源进口和海外开发之间、传统能源与新能源和可再生能源的开发与利用之间这两个关键的替代关系及提高能源利用效率的可能影响,得出了中国能源消费的最优跨期消费路径。当前能源消费中的很多问题,包括日益增大的"能源缺口",都源于实际能源消费量严重偏离了这一"最优路径"所规定的消费水平。因此,为了有效缓解乃至从根本上消除中国的"能源缺口",中国能源消费应严格按照此最优跨期消费路径进行,同时尽可能地增加能源进口、加快发展可再生能源和新能源并提高能源使用效率。     

基于CHIRPS卫星降水的雅砻江流域干湿时空演变分析

雅砻江流域是我国水电开发的重点区域之一，在全球气候变化背景下探究流域干湿时空演变规律有利于合理规划和充分利用水资源，为流域内农业生产活动提供科学指导。基于1981~2017年雅砻江流域内及周边16个气象站月气象数据，采用Penman-Monteith（PM）公式计算各站逐月潜在蒸散量ET0，基于气象站降水校正CHIRPS卫星降水产品，从而获得更高空间分辨率的降水数据，以此计算标准化降水蒸散SPEI指数，采用云模型、Mann-Kendall（MK）趋势检验法分析流域年代际、年、季尺度的干湿时空分布特征与变化趋势。结果表明：（1）对CHIRPS卫星降水产品进行偏差校正不但提高了精度，而且能够获得更高空间分辨率的降水；（2）流域春季呈湿润化趋势，其余时间尺度均呈现干旱化趋势，以冬季干旱化速率最快。年尺度下干湿变化不均匀度的稳定性最差，秋季稳定性相对最好。春、冬两季SPEI空间分布的不均匀度弱于时间分布；（3）同一时间尺度下的流域各级别干湿相对面积近似呈正态分布，流域干湿变化趋势空间分布差异较大；（4）流域各级别干旱与湿润高发区无明显区域分布规律，发生干旱与湿润的最高频率在20%左右，且随着干湿程度的加重，频率变化范围逐渐缩小；（5）不同年代干湿频率差异较为显著，年平均干旱频率变化趋势为减-增-减，湿润频率变化趋势为增-减-减，湿润频率高值区呈现由下游向上游转移的趋势。     

Comparative study on performances of a heat-pipe PV/T system and a heat-pipe solar water heating system

The heat-pipe solar water heating (HP-SWH) system and the heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system are two practical solar systems, both of which use heat pipes to transfer heat. By selecting appropriate working fluid of the heat-pipes, these systems can be used in the cold region without being frozen. However, performances of these two solar systems are different because the HP-PV/T system can simultaneously provide electricity and heat, whereas the HP-SWH system provides heat only. In order to understand these two systems, this work presents a mathematical model for each system to study their one-day and annual performances. One-day simulation results showed that the HP-SWH system obtained more thermal energy and total energy than the HP-PV/T system while the HP-PV/T system achieved higher exergy efficiency than the HP-SWH system. Annual simulation results indicated that the HP-SWH system can heat the water to the available temperature (45°C) solely by solar energy for more than 121 days per year in typical climate regions of China, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, while the HP-PV/T system can only work for not more than 102 days. The HP-PV/T system, however, can provide an additional electricity output of 73.019 kWh/m², 129.472 kWh/m², and 90.309 kWh/m² per unit collector area in the three regions, respectively.     

Structure optimization and annual performance analysis of the lens-walled compound parabolic concentrator

The primary lens-walled compound parabolic concentrator (lens-walled CPC) has a significant advantage of a larger half acceptance angle as a static solar concentrator, but it also has a drawback of a low optical efficiency. In order to overcome this drawback, in this article, series of structure parameters were investigated and compared to further improve the optical efficiency within the half acceptance angle combined with the material properties. The average optical efficiencies of the improved lens-walled CPCs could achieve more than 82% within the half acceptance angle of 35?. Experiments were adopted to verify the credibility and validity of the simulation. Moreover, annual performance of the lens-walled CPCs comparison with that of the mirror CPC for Nottingham was analyzed. Results show that the improved lens-walled CPC has a higher optical performance for actual building application.     

Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Areas Polluted with Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lanzhou,China

This study investigated the soil nematode community structure along the Yellow River in the Lanzhou area of China, and analyzed the impact of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the nematode community. Soil samples from five locations (named A–E), which were chosen for soil analysis, showed significant differences in their heavy metal content (p < 0.01), as well as in the variety of nematodes (up to 41 genera) and families (up to 20) that were present. The different samples also differed significantly in the total PAH content (p < 0.05), as well as the six types of PAH present. Sites A–C showed the most severe contamination with heavy metals and PAHs; these sites had the lowest abundance of fungivores and omnivore/predators, but the proportion of bacteriovores was the highest (p < 0.05). Site E, in contrast, showed only minor pollution with heavy metals and PAHs, and it contained the highest abundance of plant parasites (p < 0.05). Several nematode ecological indicators were found to correlate with concentration of soil pollutants at all the sites tested: the maturity index (MI, in addition to plant parasites), plant parasite index (PPI), ΣMI (including all the soil nematodes), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′′), and Wasilewska index (WI). Disturbance to the soil environment was more severe when MI, ΣMI, and H′ values were lower. The results of the study show that the abundance and structure of the soil nematode communities in the sampling locations were strongly influenced by levels of heavy metals and PAHs in the soil. They also show that the diversity index H′ and the maturity index can be valuable tools for assessing the impact of pollutants on nematodes.     

China's Total Emission Control Policy:a Critical Review

As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission c...