对大通县工业经济发展与环境保护如何实现“双赢”的思考

工业是国民经济高速发展的主要推动力,而其所造成的环境污染也成为影响环境保护的突出问题。文章通过分析大通县环境问题现状,就大通县工业经济发展与环境保护如何实现"双赢"提出了对策建议。     

含氯代烃废水的生物毒性与处理方法探讨

卤代烃是在有机物分子中的碳原子上,用卤素基团取代出氢的卤化产物,这个变化使有机物的生物毒性增大,这是卤素有机态毒性的体现;另一方面,卤代烃在生物水解或降解过程中,又会重新释放出带正电荷的卤素,与水结合后成为次卤酸而具有无机态卤素的生物毒性。作者在提出这种卤代烃生物毒性学说的基础上,提出了一系列在含卤代烃废水预处理与生物处理中的解毒、降毒、抗毒和减荷及提高可生化性的措施,以提高含卤代烃废水的综合处理效率。     

自然资源、技术进步与环境库兹涅茨曲线

不可再生自然资源的约束和环境质量的不断恶化是经济可持续发展必须要面对的挑战。就环境问题而言,现实中一个特征事实是,在不同的收入水平下人们对环境质量的需求不同,只有当收入达到一定水平之后,人们才会注重生活质量的改善。基于现有研究,在考虑非再生自然资源的约束条件下,本研究将环境质量作为生产要素的一部分引入最优增长理论的分析框架,探讨了在环境污染和自然资源双重约束下的长期经济增长问题。在非再生自然资源和环境污染的双重约束下,本研究表明解决环境问题必须要采用的手段是促使技术进步的创新研发,因为技术进步是环境库兹涅茨曲线出现拐点的不可或缺的一个必要条件。在市场竞争的环境下,由于知识的非竞争性质使得研究部门的研究是次优的。因此,政府应当通过适当的财政政策和法制安排以激励私人投资者研究与开发新技术的积极性。     

我国农村劳动力流动性就业计量问题研究

改革开放30年来,上亿农村劳动力实现了向城镇非农产业大规模转移,而我国沿袭至今的劳动就业统计制度突出的缺陷是将三部分人--在农村从事纯农的农民,在城镇从事非农工作但户口在农村的农民工,游移于乡城间"亦工亦农"的农村劳动力--排除于劳动统计计量之外.不解决这部分劳动力就业的统计计量的问题,则很难准确回答"中国的失业率究竟有多高?".为此,确定严格的、便于与国际接轨的劳动就业标准,从而构建我国统一的、规范的劳动就业市场至关重要.本文着重探讨了游移于农村与城市之间、就业岗位、就业时间不固定的农村劳动力就业、失业不充分的计量问题.作者在对国内外就业和失业定义和计量标准进行比较和评价基础上,结合我国实情提出了以法定劳动力年工时为核心的劳动力流动性就业的调查和计量方法,并通过调查案例证实了它的有效性与可行性.     

四川地震灾后生态低碳均衡的统筹重建模式

5.12汶川大地震破坏了四川的森林、草地、农田和湿地等生态要素,灾区的气候、山体、水体、森林等环境参量受地震影响发生了变化,生态系统表现出高碳不均衡特征。为了解决生态系统高碳化,本文采用系统均衡理论,从灾区生态实际状况出发,归纳出灾后生态系统整体特征——熵值增大化、结构高碳化、生态复杂化、系统巨量化;针对震后生态系统结构表现出的高碳化,通过对生态碳循环规律的深入研究,提出生态碳循环均衡概念,构建出灾后生态低碳均衡结构;运用统筹思想,兼顾自然生态系统和人工生态系统碳循环的不同特点,以自然生态的增汇和人工生态的减源作为实践方向,建立灾后生态重建的运行模式;从生态城市、生态工业、生态农业三个维度实施灾后低碳重建工程,并提出在灾区实施低碳政策、实现低碳生产、构建碳汇基地、建立碳汇市场等相关建议,保障灾后生态恢复与人类社会重建的可持续协调发展。     

Pollution characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the southeast coastal cities of China

With the rapid urbanization, the southeast coastal cities of China are facing increasing air pollution in the past decades. Large emissions of VOCs from vehicles and petrochemical factories have contributed greatly to the local air quality deterioration. Investigating the pollution characteristics of VOCs is of great significance to the environmental risk assessment and air quality improvement. Ambient VOC samples were collected simultaneously from nine coastal cities of southeast China using the Tedlar bags, and were subsequently preprocessed and analyzed using a cryogenic preconcentrator and a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system, respectively. VOC compositions, spatial distributions, seasonal variations and ozone formation potentials (OPFs) were discussed. Results showed that methylene chloride, toluene, isopropyl alcohol and n-hexane were most abundant species, and oxygenated compounds, aromatics and halogenated hydrocarbons were most abundant chemical classes (62.5–95.6 % of TVOCs). Both industrial and vehicular exhausts might contribute greatly to the VOC emissions. The VOC levels in the southeast coastal cities of China were sufficiently high (e.g., 6.5 μg?m^?3 for benzene) to pose a health risk to local people. A more serious pollution state was found in the southern cities of the study region, while higher VOC levels were usually observed in winter. The B/T ratio (0.26?±?0.09) was lower than the typical ratio (ca. 0.6) for roadside samples, while the B/E (1.6–7.6) and T/E (7.2–26.8) ratios were higher than other cities around the world, which indicated a unique emission profile in the study region. Besides, analysis on ozone formation potentials (OFPs) indicated that toluene was the most important species in ozone production with the accountabilities for total OFPs of 22.6 to 59.6 %.     

新型β-PbO2电极电解处理茜素红废水的研究

采用高压塑片工艺制备新型β-PbO2电极,该工艺简单易行,且所得β-PbO2电极具有很好的抗腐蚀性能.为研究该电极的电催化性能,探讨了电极间距、电解时间、茜素红初始浓度、外加电压、初始pH等条件对该电极降解茜素红染料效果的影响,并与石墨电极进行对比.结果表明,β-PbO2电极在脱色和COD去除方面都有明显的优越性.根据茜素红的分子结构和电解产物气相色谱—质谱联用(GC/MS)仪分析结果,初步探讨了茜素红降解的反应机制.     

Parental phenols exposure and spontaneous abortion in Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Widespread use of phenols has led to ubiquitous exposure to phenols. In experimental animals, phenols increased resorptions, reduced live litter size and fetal body weights. However, there are limited epidemiological evidences of the relationships between exposure to phenols and pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated the associations between parental urinary levels of various phenols and spontaneous abortion in a Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A case-control study was conducted that included 70 case couples with medically unexplained spontaneous abortion and 180 control couples who did not have a history of spontaneous abortion and had at least one living child. Both parental urinary phenols were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP). Compared with the low exposure group, there was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with high paternal urinary PCP concentration [odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.05–4.14], and maternal exposure to 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) also significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.02–4.80; OR = 2.81, 95% CI, 1.39–5.65, respectively). Our study firstly provides the evidence that paternal PCP exposure, maternal 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) exposure are associated with spontaneous abortion in humans.     

基于环境与经济发展协调度评价的生态镇建设探讨——以徐州市大沙河镇为例

随着人地关系的矛盾越来越突出,处理好经济发展与环境保护的关系,将两者高度融合,做到环境与经济的持续协调发展逐渐受到各方重视.以徐州市大沙河镇为例,在区域环境与经济发展协调度评价的基础上探索生态镇的建设模式.结果表明,2010年大沙河镇的环境综合发展指数为1.584,经济综合发展指数为1.182,环境与经济发展的协调度为0.88,处于良好协调状态.最后在评价结果的基础上分析了大沙河生态镇建设的模式.     

基于BP人工神经网络的城市PM2.5浓度空间预测

针对PM2.5日均质量浓度,采用BP人工神经网络模型,预测研究区空气中PM2.5浓度的空间变异,通过与普通克里格(Ordinary Kriging)插值方法对比验证BP人工神经网络预测模型的精度.结果表明:BP人工神经网络预测模型下研究区检验样本点位置的PM2.5仿真浓度与观测浓度之间的均方差、平均绝对误差、平均相对偏差和相关系数分别为0.296 μg2/m6、0.412 μg/m3、1.650％和0.851;而与此同时,普通克里格插值方法下的对应结果分别为1.041 μg2/m6、0.689 μg/m3、11.910％、0.638.研究成果在肯定BP人工神经网络预测模型可用于揭示PM2.5浓度空间变异特征的同时,也证实了其相对于普通克里格插值方法在固定空间点位准确预测PM2.5浓度方面的优势.