能值分析理论在耕地可持续利用评价中的应用研究——以南京市为例

评价指标体系是耕地可持续利用评价研究的难点,正确选择评价理论与方法,构建科学、合理的评价指标体系,为正确认识耕地利用的可持续性及制定相应政策提供理论与实践依据。文章引入能值理论,在传统评价方法基础上对耕地利用中物流、能流等以太阳能值为统一衡量标准,建立新的指标体系,并对南京市1995~2004年的耕地利用进行评价。结果表明,研究时段内南京市耕地利用是向可持续方向发展的,且其可持续利用经历了两个阶段:①1995~1998年可持续性下降阶段,综合系数从1995年的1逐渐下降到1998年的0.9570;②1998~2004年可持续性上升阶段,综合系数逐年上升到2004年的1.1123。与传统评价方法相比,引入能值理论后的评价结果更能全面、客观地反映耕地利用的可持续状况。     

Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China

The humic acids (HAs) isolated from the sediments of the various rivers,lakes,and reservoirs in China were studied using elemental analyzer,fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),and CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.The results showed that the HAs were characterized by some common chemical and physicochemical properties,but they also pose some differences in the C-containing functional groups.The C/N,C/H,O/C,and O/H ratios differ widely for the various HAs,showing that the elemental comp...     

Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater

The bacterial diversity of activated sludge from submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) was investigated. A 16S rDNA clone library was generated, and 150 clones were screened using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the screened clones, almost full-length 16S rDNA sequences of 64 clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with a database containing clone sequences from this study and bacterial rDNA sequences from NCBI for identification purposes. The 90.6% of the clones were a?l...     

Adsorption of mercury on laterite from Guizhou Province, China

The adsorption behaviors of Hg(Ⅱ) on laterite from Guizhou Province,China,were studied and the adsorption mechanism was discussed.The results showed that different mineral compositons in the laterite will cause differences in the adsorption capacity of laterite to Hg(Ⅱ).Illite and non-crystalloids are the main contributors to enhancing the adsorption capacity of laterite to Hg(Ⅱ).The pH of the solution is an important factor affecting the adsorption of Hg(Ⅱ) on laterite.The alkalescent environment (pH 7-9) ...     

Combination of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend and SCR catalyst assembly to reduce emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine

In this study, the efforts to reduce NOx and particulate matter （PM） emissions from a diesel engine using both ethanol-selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx over an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and a biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend （BE-diesel） on an engine bench test are discussed. Compared with diesel fuel, use of BE-diesel increased PM emissions by 14% due to the increase in the soluble organic fraction （SOF） of PM, but it greatly reduced the Bosch smoke number by 60%-80% according to the results from 13-mode test of European Stationary Cycle （ESC） test. The SCR catalyst was effective in NOx reduction by ethanol, and the NOx conversion was approximately 73%. Total hydrocarbons （THC） and CO emissions increased significantly during the SCR of NOx process. Two diesel oxidation catalyst （DOC） assemblies were used after Ag/Al2O3 converter to remove CO and HC. Different oxidation catalyst showed opposite effect on PM emission. The PM composition analysis revealed that the net effect of oxidation catalyst on total PM was an integrative effect on SOF reduction and sulfate formation of PM. The engine bench test results indicated that the combination of BE-diesel and a SCR catalyst assembly could provide benefits for NOx and PM emissions control even without using diesel particle filters （DPFs）.     

生态聚磷石对低浓度景观水的除磷研究

研究了新型填料水化硅酸钙对景观水中低浓度磷的去除效果。考察了反应时间、初始磷浓度、投加量对除磷率的影响,同时采用以水化硅酸钙为填料的滤床,研究其实际低浓度景观水中磷去除效果。结果表明,初始磷浓度为0.3mg/L的低浓度模拟水,在投加量为1500mg/L、反应时间为24h时,水化硅酸钙对模拟水中除磷率达到60%以上,针对浓度为0.50mg/L的实际景观水,投加量为800mg/L时,除磷率达到65.0%;动态试验中,水力停留时间为60min、初始磷浓度为0.15～0.3mg/L,运行8d后,过滤床除磷率保持在44%以上。     

水质毒性快速检测技术及其发展趋势

水质毒性快速检测可以及时提供水体的污染信息,为突发事件的紧急处理和水质毒性的预警提供依据。常见的水质毒性快速检测技术主要包括基于细菌的发光检测技术、化学发光检测技术、呼吸作用的检测技术、光合作用检测技术、电化学检测技术等。文章综述了主要水质毒性快速检测技术的原理和技术现状,并展望了相关发展趋势。     

生物质能的绿色效能分析

本文对生物质原料特性及其应用进行了分析,并通过生命周期法(LCA)对生物质和煤气化合成二甲醚料的过程进行对比评价.每生产1千克二甲醚,使用前者比后者可减少排放CO2924.11克、NOx25.01克、SOx70.93克,痕量金属排放量也大大减少.由此可见,利用生物质对减少有害气体的排放意义重大,并能从源头上保证整个过程的环境友好性.     

福建泉州市区域稳定性的探讨

本文对泉州市区域地壳结构、地质构造、构造应力场和地震活动性进行了综合分析.结果表明,泉州市在第四纪中更新世之前位于环太平洋中、新生代构造-岩浆活动带中,地壳运动频繁而又强烈,地质构造复杂;现代处于菲律宾海板块对欧亚板块挤压形成的"台湾动力触角"影响区,但区内的断裂不具全新世活动性,新构造运动不强烈,有史以来未见≥5.0级地震记载,属于地壳相对稳定区,未来遭遇6.0级地震的危险性不大,其地震破坏性影响主要来自周边孕震区,特别是东部海域,与"台湾动力触角"的作用和滨海断裂带的活动有关.     

纳米TiO2的表面改性及在聚氯乙烯中的应用研究

研究了原位乳液共聚合方法制备聚丙烯酸酯/TiO2纳米复合材料及其对PVC抗紫外光老化性能的影响.结果表明,聚丙烯酸酯共聚物P(MMA-BA)包覆在纳米TiO2表面,并与TiO2粒子有较强相互作用;经过1032 h加速老化后,相比未改性配方和有机紫外吸收剂改性配方,复合改性PVC材料的抗紫外光老化性能得到大幅提高,纳米TiO2的质量分数为1.0%的复合材料改性PVC色差值只有5.0,比未改性配方提高近8倍.