碳酸镁与镉离子的吸附和沉淀作用研究

以碳酸镁为吸附剂,在镉离子初始浓度为0~6 mmol/L,初始pH值为4和7的条件下,研究了碳酸镁与镉离子的吸附与沉淀作用。结果表明,由于碳酸镁的溶解及与体系中氢离子的中和,碳酸镁—镉体系的最终pH值为10.4左右;体系的平衡pH值随着镉离子初始浓度的增加而减小;体系中镉的平衡浓度随着初始镉离子浓度的增加缓慢上升;碳酸镁对镉的吸附等温线为折线型,不符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,符合伪二阶吸附动力学模型。结合碳酸镁吸附镉前后固相表征的结果,说明碳酸镁与镉离子的作用机制随着镉离子浓度的增加,从离子交换发展为离子交换和表面配位反应并存,最后表现为表面沉淀。     

近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应演变及其#br# 与土地利用变化的关系

城市化进程的加快,农村人口大量涌入城市,城市布局及局部气候改变等因素使得城市热岛效应问题日益突出,已成为当前城市环境研究热点之一。以武汉市为例,应用遥感技术与地理信息系统技术,选取2004~2015年5个时相Landsat系列影像数据,利用单窗算法反演地表温度,并以此为基础进行热岛强度分级,获取了近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应变化结果,并分析了武汉市11个辖区城市热岛效应动态变化特征及热岛效应与土地利用变化的关系。研究结果表明：（1）自2007年后,武汉市老城区热岛面积持续减少,而新城区热岛面积则持续增加,呈现出以老城区为中心向新城区扩张的趋势,至2015年,新老城区热岛面积仅相差20.74 km2;（2）东西湖区、蔡甸区、江夏区与洪山区是近些年城市热岛面积增长较为显著的辖区,其中江夏区的热岛面积年际变化最大,最高值达95.42 km2;（3）城市热岛效应与土地利用类型的面积年际平均值拟合关系显示,2004~2015年,城市热岛效应与建筑用地的R2值最大,为0.681 2,建筑用地面积的增加是城市热岛强度面积扩张的重要影响因素。     

洞庭湖湿地土壤持水能力及其影响因素研究

土壤持水能力是反映土壤调节水文和供给植物耗水的重要指标,受土壤有机质、容重、机械组成和植物地下生物量的直接或间接影响。与森林和农田生态系统相比,湿地土壤持水能力关注较少。于2010年12月,对洞庭湖湿地3种主要植被（苔草、芦苇和杨树）土壤持水能力、土壤理化性质和地下生物量进行了调查,并采用主成分分析对影响土壤持水能力的主要环境因子进行了分析。结果表明：除非毛管孔隙度外,3种植被上层土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量和含水量差异显著,均为苔草＞芦苇=杨树,而中、下层无显著差异。沙粒为苔草≥杨树≥芦苇,而粗粉粒、细粉粒和粘粒均为杨树≥芦苇≥苔草;容重为杨树≥芦苇＞苔草,有机质为苔草=芦苇＞杨树。各级别生物量在植被类型大小顺序不一：总地下生物量、0～1 mm和＞5 mm径级地下生物量均以芦苇最大,而1～5 mm径级地下生物量则以苔草最大。主成分分析表明,上层土壤,容重、有机质和1～5 mm径级地下生物量是影响其持水能力的主要因素,而中层土壤和下层土壤,环境因子对土壤持水能力的影响很小。此研究对于洞庭湖生物多样性保护和湿地管理政策的制定具有重要意义     

广州市建筑垃圾资源化的必要性分析

摘要：随着广州市城市化进程的不断加快,城市建筑垃圾的排出量也在快速增长,如何应对和处理建筑垃圾所带来的“垃圾围城”困境,已经成为人们不得不面对的重要问题,推进建筑垃圾资源化是开展建筑垃圾综合治理的有效途径。论述了建筑垃圾资源化再生利用的必要性、紧迫性,指出了广州市建筑垃圾资源化过程中存在的问题,为推进广州市建筑垃圾综合处理实践提供了参考。     

磷石膏水热法合成硫酸钙晶须

以磷石膏为原料,二水合硫酸钙、硫酸镁、甘油为添加剂,采用水热法合成硫酸钙晶须,考察了料浆含量、反应温度、反应时间、体系pH等因素对晶须的直径和长径比的影响;并采用SEM技术观察硫酸钙晶须的形貌。实验结果表明,当磷石膏含量2.5%（w）、反应温度130 ℃、反应时间4 h、体系pH 4时,制备得到的硫酸钙晶须长径比为56.24,平均直径为0.17 μm。SEM表征结果显示,硫酸钙晶须形貌规整、分散均匀、直径较小,达百纳米级。     

石英砂滤料表面润湿改性

采用硅烷偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂对石英砂进行表面改性,以制备亲油疏水性滤料。研究得出,钛酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂的最佳工艺条件为:偶联剂用量15%,反应温度90℃,搅拌时间15 min;硅烷偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂的最佳工艺条件均为:偶联剂用量15%,反应温度110℃,搅拌时间15 min。水对钛酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量由改性前的1.5589 g降低到0.0282 g,水对硅烷偶联剂改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量降低到0.0607 g,水对铝酸酯改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量降低到0.2664 g。静态吸附实验表明,硅烷偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂滤料对油的吸附容量分别增加了33.67%、42.87%和22.30%。XPS和FT-IR分析表明,偶联剂均以化学键的方式包覆在石英砂滤料表面,结合稳定。     

Nutrient removal in tropical subsurface flow constructed wetlands under batch and continuous flow conditions

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of batch versus continuous flow on the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (TP) in tropical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CW). The quantitative role of the higher aquatic plants in nutrient removal in these two operational modes was also investigated. Results indicated no significant difference (p > 0.05) in COD removal between batch and continuous flow modes for either the planted or unplanted treatments. Furthermore, the batch-loaded planted wetlands showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher ammonium removal efficiencies (95.2%) compared with the continuously fed systems (80.4%), most probably because the drain and fill batch mode presented systematically more oxidized environmental conditions. With respect to TP removal, for both planted and unplanted beds, there was significant enhancement (p < 0.05) in batch flow operation (69.6% for planted beds; 39.1% for unplanted beds) as compared to continuous flow operation (46.8% for planted beds; 25.5% for unplanted beds). In addition, at a 4-day hydraulic retention time (HRT), the presence of plants significantly enhanced both ammonia oxidation and TP removal in both batch and continuous modes of operation as compared to that for unplanted beds. An estimation of the quantitative role of aeration from drain and fill operation at a 4-day HRT, as compared to rhizosphere aeration by the higher aquatic plant, indicated that drain and fill operation might account for only less than half of the higher aquatic plant's quantitative contribution of oxygen (1.55 g O2 per m2 per day for batch flow versus 1.13 g O2 per m2 per day for continuous flow).     

四川省不同区域高速公路环境影响评价要点

高速公路项目由于其线路长、工程量大等特点,不可避免会对生态环境、土地资源、水土流失、人居环境等造成不利影响,本文根据四川各区域的地形地貌、水文地质、生物多样性等环境特点,提出了在不同地区高速公路建设中的环境影响评价要点,从而使环境影响评价内容更具有针对性。     

Differential Effects of Legume Species on the Recovery of Soil Microbial Communities, and Carbon and Nitrogen Contents, in Abandoned Fields of the Loess Plateau, China

Plant–soil interactions are known to influence a wide range of ecosystem-level functions. Moreover, the recovery of these functions is of importance for the successful restoration of soils that have been degraded through intensive and/or inappropriate land use. Here, we assessed the effect of planting treatments commonly used to accelerate rates of grassland restoration, namely introduction of different legume species Medicago sativa, Astragalus adsurgens, Melilotus suaveolens, on the recovery of soil microbial communities and carbon and nitrogen contents in abandoned fields of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed effects were species-specific, and either positive, neutral or negative depending on the measure and time-scale. All legumes increased basal respiration and metabolic quotient and had a positive effect on activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community, measured using Biolog EcoPlate. However, soil under Astragalus adsurgens had the highest activity and functional diversity relative to the other treatments. Soil carbon and nitrogen content and microbial biomass were effectively restored in 3–5?years by introducing Medicago sativa and Astragalus adsurgens into early abandoned fields. Soil carbon and nitrogen content were retarded in 3–5?years and microbial biomass was retarded in the fifth year by introducing Melilotus suaveolens. Overall, the restoration practices of planting legumes can significantly affect soil carbon and nitrogen contents, and the biomass, activity, and functional diversity of soil microbial community. Therefore, we propose certain legume species could be used to accelerate ecological restoration of degraded soils, hence assist in the protection and preservation of the environment.     

Study on the performance of gravel less perforated pipe leach fields on domestic sewage treatment

以壤土、河砂为填充基质,构建了5个无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统,在3.3 cm/d的水力负荷下,比较了5个系统对生活污水的处理效果.结果表明,无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统对生活污水具有较好的处理效果,其中以上层填充河砂、下层填充壤土的系统C对生活污水的综合处理效果最好,其对COD、TP、浊度、NH3-N、TN的平均去除率分别为82.4％、74.1％、94.2％、98.4％、59.3％,相比传统的全部填充壤土的系统A分别提高了1.4、21.9、5.1、61.8、18.6百分点,且出水COD、TP、浊度、NH3-N、TN均达到了国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级标准.对系统NH3-N和TN的去除机制分析表明,碳氮比过低可能是导致TN去除效果不理想的主要原因.