Assessment of spatial distribution of soil loss over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir in China based on RS and GIS techniques

Soil conservation planning often requires estimates of the spatial distribution of soil erosion at a catchment or regional scale. This paper applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to investigate the spatial distribution of annual soil loss over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir in China. Among the soil erosion factors, which are rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length (L), slope steepness (S), vegetation cover (C), and support practice factor (P), the vegetative cover or C factor, which represents the effects of vegetation canopy and ground covers in reducing soil loss, has been one of the most difficult to estimate over broad geographic areas. In this paper, the C factor was estimated based on back propagation neural network and the results were compared with the values measured in the field. The correlation coefficient (r) obtained was 0.929. Then the C factor and the other factors were used as the input to RUSLE model. By integrating the six factor maps in geographical information system (GIS) through pixel-based computing, the spatial distribution of soil loss over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir was obtained. The results showed that the annual average soil loss for the upper basin of Miyun reservoir was 9.86 t ha(-1) ya(-1) in 2005, and the area of 46.61 km(2) (0.3%) experiences extremely severe erosion risk, which needs suitable conservation measures to be adopted on a priority basis. The spatial distribution of erosion risk classes was 66.9% very low, 21.89% low, 6.18% moderate, 2.89% severe, and 1.84% very severe. Thus, by using RUSLE in a GIS environment, the spatial distribution of water erosion can be obtained and the regions which susceptible to water erosion and need immediate soil conservation planning and application over the upper watershed of Miyun reservoir in China can be identified.     

潮土中磷锌交互作用机制探讨及磷对锌吸附-解吸的影响

采用室内培养和吸附解吸两种方法,探讨了潮土中磷、锌交互作用机制。结果表明：土壤中DTPA提取态锌质量分数随添加锌量的增加而增加,低磷质量分数处理可提高土壤锌有效性,但高磷质量分数处理却降低了土壤锌的有效性;土壤速效磷质量分数均随锌添加量的增加而有所降低。在施锌25 mg.kg-1背景下,土壤中DTPA提取态锌质量分数随施磷质量分数的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,在添加磷量小于180 mg.kg-1时,土壤DTPA提取态锌质量分数显著地高于其他处理,但随添加磷量的增加,土壤DTPA提取态锌质量分数显著降低,当磷添加量大于540 mg.kg-1时,土壤DTPA提取态锌质量分数明显低于其他磷处理,说明当添加磷量小于180 mg.kg-1时,磷提高土壤中锌有效性的主要机制是二者竞争吸附土壤胶体表面吸附点位的竞争机制;当添加磷量大小540 mg.kg-1时,磷影响锌有效性的主要机制为沉淀作用。在土壤施磷量为180 mg.kg-1时,随添加锌质量分数的提高,土壤中速效磷质量分数呈先升高后降低趋势。吸附-解吸研究表明,随土壤中速效磷质量分数的提高（27.60~2773.86 mg.kg-1）,土壤对锌的吸附量先降低再增加,而KCl解吸的锌量却是先增加再降低。因此潮土中磷锌交互作用机制为,土壤中磷和锌质量分数均较低时,磷与锌有效性呈协同作用;当磷或锌质量分数过高时,协同作用减弱;磷和锌质量分数再增加二者的有效性将出现拮抗作用。     

航空维修差错模式及差错成因的灰色关联分析

提出一种基于HFACS-ME框架和灰色关联分析法的航空维修差错模式和差错成因之间关系的分析方法。利用该方法分别从"模式—成因"和"成因—模式"2个方向,以"技能差错"和"身体状态差"为例,对差错模式和差错成因之间的关系进行分析,得到影响"技能差错"的主要差错成因依次为空间狭窄、培训不足、工具损坏、身体状态差、精神状态差、空间阻碍,以及"身体状态差"主要影响的差错模式为记忆差错、决策差错、技能差错。结果表明,灰色关联分析法对航空维修差错模式和差错成因之间关系的分析是有效的、可行的。     

基于Hilbert谱信息熵的煤矸放落振动特征分析

针对煤矿安全生产中的综放工作面煤矸界面探测问题,提出利用煤矸下落冲击钢板的振动特征来探测煤矸界面的方法。煤矸振动信号表现出非平稳特征,采用经验模态分解方法将复杂矿井环境下的煤矸振动信号分解成固有模态分量。选择包含煤矸振动特征的前7个本征模函数(IMF)分量,通过Hilbert变换得到Hilbert谱。分析不同放煤状态下钢板振动信号的Hilbert谱发现,顶煤下落时的Hilbert谱分布较均匀,而煤矸混放时的Hilbert谱呈现不均匀分布。根据信息熵理论,提出了基于Hilbert谱信息熵的煤矸振动特征提取方法。试验结果表明,顶煤下落时的Hilbert谱信息熵要大于煤矸混放时的Hilbert谱信息熵,因此,煤矸振动的Hilbert谱信息熵特征能够准确地反映放煤状态。     

铁离子对膜生物反应器中污泥性质及膜污染的影响

以处理模拟生活污水的平板膜-生物反应器为依托,将进水铁离子质量浓度分别调配成6 mg/L、1g mg/L、40 mg/L,考察三价铁离子对膜生物反应器中污泥性质及膜污染的影响.结果表明,投加铁离子对平板膜-生物反应器的出水水质影响不大.随着铁离子投加质量浓度的增加,跨膜压差(TMP)增长趋势变小,膜污染得到缓解,其中铁离子投加质量浓度为40 mg/L时,膜污染控制效果最好.铁离子的投加强化了生物絮凝作用,造成污泥质量浓度的上升,溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和松散型胞外聚会物(LB-EPS)质量比的下降.从膜阻力分析可以看出.投加铁离子主要是降低SMP和LB-EPS等凝胶层污染物引起的外部阻力.     

高效厌氧反应器处理啤酒废水的试验研究

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用高效厌氧反应器对青岛啤酒股份有限公司的生产废水进行处理,研究了厌氧反应器的启动和运行情况,分析了回流比、温度和上升流速等因素对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器的容积负荷可达21 kg COD/(m3·d),COD去除率稳定在80%以上,出水挥发酸质量浓度低于350 mg/L,平均每去除1 kgCOD产生0.26 m3沼气.启动结束后,颗粒污泥的平均沉降速度由40.3 m/h提高到73.4 m/h,污泥密度由0.78 g/cm3升高至1.02 g/cm3,0.5～1.5 mm粒径的颗粒污泥占66%.同时,在25℃的运行条件下反应器的容积负荷降至9 kg COD/( m3·d),温度升高后反应器的运行可以较快得到恢复.     

Occurrence and behaviour of nonylphenol and octylphenol in Nanming River, Guiyang City, China

Occurrence, variation and behaviour of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were studied in surface water and groundwater in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Discharge of wastewater from Guiyang City was the main source of alkylphenols (APs) entering the aquatic environment. The concentrations of NP and OP in river water ranged from 40 to 1582 ng L(-1) and from below the lowest limit of detection (LOD) to 67 ng L(-1), respectively. NP and OP were also detected in groundwater. Both NP and OP exhibited spatial and temporal variations in river water and groundwater. It was found that concentrations of NP and OP in river water was low upstream and dramatically increased downstream, and higher concentration of NP was found in winter compared to that in summer. Proportions of NP and OP were trapped by suspended particulate matter (SPM), which accounted for 7.6-50.0% and 3.4-25.6% of their total concentration in the river water system, respectively. Seasonal changes in water flow were responsible for the temporal variations of APs. To determine the behaviour of APs along the river, a mass balance equation based on chloride was used. The results showed that a mixing process was the predominant factor to determine upstream APs concentrations; while the discharge of wastewater controlled the concentrations of APs downstream. Considering the adverse effect of APs on organisms, combined effect modeling was used to assess the toxicity to fish. It was found that the predicted mixture effect for APs in river water on fish vitellogenin induction was low upstream and medium downstream, respectively.     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的环境健康效果评估

为了定量评估《大气十条》实施带来的环境健康效益,本文首先依据PM_(2.5)浓度和人口数据,分析2013～2017年全国人口加权浓度的变化,其次利用Ben MAP模型对全国338个地级及以上城市2013年PM_(2.5)基准情景和2017年PM_(2.5)控制情景进行分析,定量分析全国31个省(市)及338个地级及以上城市减少过早死亡人数.结果表明,由于PM_(2.5)浓度大幅下降,2013～2017年全国PM_(2.5)人口加权浓度呈逐年下降趋势;北京、天津、河北等京津冀及周边地区减少过早死亡人数最多. 2017年全国280个城市避免过早死亡人数有所增加,58个城市避免过早死亡人数有所下降.以WHO过渡期第1阶段目标值(PM_(2.5)年均浓度为35μg·m-3)作为控制情景,估算2013年全国过早死亡人数约为101 293人,2017年约为41 080人,《大气十条》的实施大约避免60 213人过早死亡.依据支付意愿法调查结果,估算增加的健康效益约为549. 7亿元.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

海拉尔盆地地下水铀的分布特征及富集规律

通过采集海拉尔盆地地表水样品12件,地下水样品67件,运用Durov图、等值线图和铀形态计算理论,结合数理统计方法,分析研究区域地下水铀的分布特征和赋存形态,结果表明:海拉尔盆地赫尔洪德凹陷地区主要为HCO₃-Ca·Na型,蹉岗隆起、乌尔逊凹陷和贝尔凹陷地区主要为Cl-Na型和HCO₃-Na型,巴彦山隆起地区主要为HCO₃-Na型,红旗牧场和新宝力格凹陷主要为Cl-Na型.研究区域铀的分布范围为17~425μg/L,平均值为80μg/L,标准偏差为70μg/L,引发了区域地源性地下水铀污染问题.地下水中以UO₂(CO₃)₃^4-和UO₂(CO₃)₂^2-的主要形式存在,与Eh表现的氧化还原环境具有一致性,其中呼伦贝尔湖东南部属于地下水铀成矿有利区域.潜在铀成矿范围属于重碳酸铀酰占优势的HCO₃型含铀地下水,铀酰碳酸盐复合物应占主导地位,铀的溶解与HCO₃^-的增加有关,地下水中的铀存在参与碳酸盐岩和硫酸盐岩的混合溶滤作用的可能性,UO₂(CO₃)₃^4-、UO₂(CO₃)₂^2-、U₄O₉和沥青铀矿等处于饱和状态,总Fe和(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)浓度较低,各种水化学指标对铀富集具有指示意义,因此可将其视为潜在铀源的参考依据.