Role of cosubstrate and bioaccessibility played in the enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a paddy soil by nitrate and methyl-β-cyclodextrin amendments

The present study was conducted to investigate the anaerobic biodegradation potential of biostimulation by nitrate (KNO₃) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) addition on an aged organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-contaminated paddy soil. After 180 days of incubation, total OCP biodegradation was highest in soil receiving the addition of nitrate and MCD simultaneously and then followed by nitrate addition, MCD addition, and control. The highest biodegradation of chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfans, and total OCPs was 74.3, 63.5, 51.2, and 65.1 %, respectively. Meanwhile, MCD addition significantly increased OCP bioaccessibility (p?<?0.05) evaluated by Tenax TA extraction and a three-compartment model method. Moreover, the addition of nitrate and MCD also obtained the highest values of soil microbial activities, including soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, ATP production, denitrifying bacteria count, and nitrate reductase activity. Such similar trend between OCP biodegradation and soil-denitrifying activities suggests a close relationship between OCP biodegradation and N cycling and the indirect/direct involvement of soil microorganisms, especially denitrifying microorganisms in the anaerobic biodegradation of OCPs.     

Effect of organic amendments on the mobility of trace elements in phytoremediated techno-soils: role of the humic substances

The efficiency of aided phytostabilization using organic amendments such as ramial chipped wood (RCW) and composted sewage sludge (CSS) was studied on contaminated techno-soils, on nine experimental plots. The objective was to characterize the role of fulvic (FA) and humic acids (HA) on the mobilization of trace elements, specifically As, Cu, Mo, Pb and Zn. Results showed that the addition of CSS increased the total organic carbon and nitrogen content more than with RCW and as a result, the C/N ratio in the CSS soil was higher than in the RCW and non-amended (NE) soil, reflecting the high decomposition of soil organic matter in the CSS soil compared with the other soils. The RCW and CSS amendments increased the hydrogen index (HI) values and the oxygen index (OI) values compared with the NE soil, especially for the soil treated with CSS which contained more aliphatic than aromatic compounds. The addition of CSS to the techno-soil significantly increased the percentage of C _org associated with the HA fractions compared with the RCW and NE soils. The soil amended with CSS showed the highest E ₄/E ₆ ratio and the lowest E ₂/E ₃ ratio of FA. Zn and As were more abundant in the FA fraction than in the HA fraction, whereas Pb, Cu and Mo were more associated to HA than to FA in the treated and untreated soils, which may explain the difference in their mobility and availability.     

2-氯酚驯化对厌氧污泥微生物种群结构的影响

用古细菌特异性引物ARC21F/ARC958R和酸杆菌特异性引物31F/907R,对2.氯酚(2-chlorophenol,2-CP)驯化前后厌氧颗粒污泥样品总DNA进行了16S rDNA的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PeR)、克隆、测序及序列分析,研究了2-CP驯化前后厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物种群结构的变化.结果表明,2-CP驯化前后厌氧颗粒污泥中存在共有的古细菌菌种:Methanothrix soehngenii、Methanosaeta concilii 及 uncultured euryarchaeote 等.2-CP驯化后的厌氧污泥中出现了特有的微生物Methanobacterium aarhusense、Methanobacterium curvum及 Methanobacterium beijingense等,而接种污泥中特有的一些古细菌发生了消亡.对该厌氧体系酸杆菌的分析表明,2-CP驯化前后的厌氧颗粒污泥中存在共有的微生物菌种:uncultured bacterium、unculturedAcidobacterium和unknown Actinomycete(MC 9).经2-CP驯化后,接种污泥中特有的微生物Desulfotomaculum sp.176、uncultured Deltaproteobacterium n8d及uncultured bydrocarbon seep bacterium等发生消亡,并出现了特有的微生物uncultured Holophage/Acidobacterium、uncultured Acidobacteria bacterium及unidentified Acidobacterium.     

MBR-RO组合工艺污水回收中试研究

以A2/O-MBR为预处理工艺,构建了MBR-RO组合系统并用于城市污水的直接处理与回收,考察了MBR工艺作为RO预处理的可行性,评价了RO膜的出水水质,分析了不同操作条件对RO膜的渗透性能及膜污染的影响.研究表明,RO出水平均值为TOC＜1.3 mg/L、NH 4-N＜0.03 mg/L、TN＜0.1 mg/L,TP未检出,电导率和浊度分别小于30μS/cm和0.12 NTU,MBR出水中的无机离子已被RO完全截留,MBR-RO系统具有很高的污染物降解能力和脱盐能力,其出水水质可达饮用水水质标准.MBR作为RO的预处理是完全可行的,连续6个多月的运行中RO膜污染表现不严重.     

膜-生物反应器在我国的研究与应用新进展

膜-生物反应器(MBR)作为一种污水处理新技术,其研究和应用在我国受到了广泛关注.主要以1995-2006年发表在国内中文期刊上的关于MBR研究与应用的700多篇文献为基础,分析了与MBR构型、应用领域和研究机构等相关的文献数量分布,综述了在MBR新工艺、膜污染及其控制技术和污水处理类别等方面的研究进展,总结了MBR在污水再生利用中的应用概况,指出了未来MBR技术研究的挑战和工业应用的发展方向.     

红枫湖沉积物中重金属污染特征与生态危害风险评价

调查了红枫湖沉积物中重金属的含量、分布特征与富集情况. 分别以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值和红枫湖周边环境土壤的背景值为参比值,对红枫湖沉积物中重金属的富集系数和生态危害系数以及各采样点的生态危害指数进行了探讨,并结合瑞典学者Lars Hkanson潜在生态危害指数法对红枫湖沉积物中重金属的生态危害进行了评价. 结果表明:该湖泊沉积物中重金属含量分布呈现一定的区域特征,北湖湖区重金属平均含量高于南湖湖区;以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值为参比值,重金属的富集顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb,污染水平顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn;以红枫湖周边环境土壤平均值为参比值,重金属的富集顺序为Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞As＞Pb＞Hg,污染水平顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn.       

Characteristic and mercury adsorption of activated carbon produced by CO2 of chicken waste

Preparation of activated carbon from chicken waste is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Hg removal. A three-stage activation process （drying at 200℃, pyrolysis in N2 atmosphere, followed by CO2 activation） was used for the production of activated samples. The effects of carbonization temperature （409-4500℃）, activation temperature （700-900℃）, and activation time （1-2.5 h） on the physicochemical properties （weight-loss and BET surface） of the prepared carbon wereinvestigated. Adsorptive removal of mercury from real flue gas onto activated carbon has been studied. The activated carbon from chicken waste has the same mercury capacity as commercial activated carbon （Darco LH） （Hg^v： 38.7% vs. 53.5%, Hg^0： 50.5% vs. 68.8%）, although its surface area is around 10 times smaller, 89.5 m^2/g vs. 862 m^2/g. The low cost activated carbon can be produced from chicken waste, and the procedure is suitable.     

西北典型地域云对地气系统的辐射强迫研究

采用NASA 地球观测系统(EOS)“云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)”的云和辐射资料,研究了我国西北地区4 个典型地域2002 年7月至2004 年6 月云对地气系统辐射强迫的季节及年变化特征,探讨了云特性参量对云辐射强迫的影响.结果表明,云的辐射强迫具有显著的季节变化和地域变化.一般夏季云净辐射强迫最大,冬季最小,而塔克拉玛干沙漠最小值出现在秋季,夏季的季风影响区和塔克拉玛干沙漠区的云净辐射强迫相差达129W/m².云的短波辐射、长波辐射和净辐射年平均效应均在季风区最强,分别达-171.2,48.9,-122.3W/m²;在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区最弱,分别为-54.7,37.3,-17.4W/m².     

AFLP法分析染料对黄孢原毛平革菌的损伤效应

利用AFLP对DNA碱基序列分辨率高的特性,研究纯培养条件下染料对黄孢原毛平革菌(P. chrysosporium)菌株DNA的损伤效应.在对黄孢原毛平革菌(P. chrysosporium)AFLP最佳引物筛选的基础上,通过分析最佳引物扩增结果中DNA相似性、染料浓度与DNA相似性关系以及构建UPGMA相似性树状图,评价染料对P. chrysosporium DNA损伤效应.结果表明, AFLP法可较好反映染料对DNA损伤效应,在优选的3种引物组合中, E-AAC/M-CAA引物组合AFLP扩增效果最好,共获得35条DNA扩增条带,其中有12条具有特异性,多态性比率34.3%;在进行DNA相似性分析和UPGMA法聚类分析后发现, AFLP技术较好地表达了DNA相似性与染料浓度的正相关关系,并且显示P. chrysosporium对染料损伤效应敏感,染料浓度不宜高于50mg/L,当染料浓度达到300mg/L即可对P. chrysosporium产生较大损伤作用,使之基本丧失原有的处理功能.     

硫氰根的γ射线辐照降解研究

研究了60Co源γ射线辐照降解SCN-.在溶液pH=1、pH=3时,25 mg/L的SCN-在6kCy下基本能够得到降解,降解率分别达到98.11%、95.97%, pH=7时,在9kCy下, SCN-的降解率为99.33%;但在碱性条件下,18 kGy的剂量下,才能得到降解,达99.64%(PH=10)和99.93%(pH=12).在高浓度下, SEN-溶液的降解则需要更大的剂量.通过对辐照后的SCN-溶液TOC 和TN的测定可知:辐照法对SCN-溶液除去TOC和TN效果不明显,不同剂量辐照后溶液中SO2-4和NO-3浓度的变化表明, SCN-在γ射线辐照过程中可能的反应历程为:硫元素首先被除去,转变成SO2-4而氮元素则很少转变成NO-3主要是以其它形式的氮存在.