某铀尾矿库土壤核素污染与优势植物累积特征

采用野外采样和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析法,测定某铀尾矿库内自然生长的14种优势植物及其根系土壤中核素的含量,并针对植物对核素的耐受性和富集性能进行分析. 结果表明:双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum L.)、圆果雀稗(Paspalum orbiculare Forst.)、水莎草〔Juncellus serotinus (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke〕、水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb)和碎米莎草(Cyperus iria L.)的地上部分及金毛狗〔Cibotium barometz (Linn.) J. Sm.〕的地下部分对铀(U)和钍(Th)均有不同程度的累积. 莎草科的碎米莎草的地上部分对U的富集系数高达6.04,其余植物的富集系数均小于1;一部分植物样对U的转移系数小于1.莎草科的水蜈蚣对Th的转移系数为2.56,其他植物的转移系数均小于0.50.莎草科植物对U的吸收富集性能明显优于其他科植物,碎米莎草对U则表现出超耐受性和超富集性.      

基于“径流-地类”参数的非点源氮磷负荷估算方法

东江作为广东省重要的饮用水源,其上游农业集水区非点源氮磷流失量备受关注.因此,本文以东江上游上莞河小流域为研究区,利用2011年的集水区水质监测数据,在平均浓度法及输出系数法的基础上,构建基于"径流-地类"参数的非点源氮磷负荷计算式,其径流、地类参数分别通过校正后的SCS模型和土地利用现状图获取,并分别对上莞河流域及流域各地类的非点源氮磷流失量进行估算.研究结果表明,汛期上莞河流域氮磷流失量主要来源于非点源污染,其非点源氮、磷流失量分别占氮、磷流失总量的97.32%、98.05%.坡度对流域非点源氮磷流失影响较小,地类是影响非点源氮磷输出的重要因素.构建的计算式能较好地估算非点源氮、磷负荷量,在次暴雨尺度非点源氮、磷输出量模拟精度分别为84.78%、81.06%.2011年度上莞河流域非点源氮、磷输出量分别为48923.4、7189.3 kg,耕地、居民地分别是非点源氮、磷输出的关键源区,其非点源氮、磷输出量分别占流域非点源氮、磷输出总量的84.20%、58.54%.     

Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta

In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids(PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids(PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters(di PAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs(≥ 11 carbons) and PFSAs(≥ 10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order:Yangtze river(191 ng/L) ≈ Taihu lake(189 ng/L) Huangpu river(122 ng/L) ≈ Qiantang river(120 ng/L) Jiaxing urban river(100 ng/L). Strong significant(p 0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.     

基于GIS技术开发的DSS系统数据结构设计

“省级环境决策支持系统”是以GIS为基础,以模型方法为驱动的环境信息系统,其中涉及的环境信息具有数量巨大和门类繁多的特点。该文探讨了设计此系统空间数据和属性数据结构所遵循的基本原则和基本方法。      

二氧化硫/水/空气体系气溶胶成核实验研究

以X-射线为辐射电离源对二氧化硫/水/空气体系的气溶胶成核过程进行了研究.实验结果表明,新生粒子来源于离子诱导成核与均相成核两种机制,前者产生带电颗粒,后者产生中性颗粒.离子对粒子成核有着重要的贡献,对粒子生长作用不明显,SO2对粒子成核与生长均有贡献.成核粒子谱分布呈双峰模式,其峰值会随着气体流速发生偏移.在低SO2浓度情况下,离子诱导成核占主导地位,随着SO2浓度的增加,均相成核的作用越来越明显.     

Preliminary studies on nitrous oxide emissions from the ornithogenic soils on Xi-sha atoll, South China Sea

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isoneofthemostimportantgreenhousegases ,anditplaysanimportantroleinthedepletionofstratosphericozone (Crutzen ,1977;Zhu ,2 0 0 4 ) .TheatmosphericN2 Oconcentrationshavebeenincreasingattherateof 0 2 %— 0 3%peryearandthegl…     

人工湿地组合系统除磷的净化空间研究

通过小试试验研究了由塘系统、垂直流、推流床单元组成的人工湿地工艺系统组合在内部不同空间上除磷的净化效应。结果发现,在高水力负荷下运行一段时间后,各套组合工艺系统对磷的净化效率均出现了不同程度的下降,其中下行池单元表层对磷的去除效率下降得最为显著;在各种组合中,塘单元对磷的净化效果并不理想。但是好氧塘单元与湿地的联用却可以有效地避免正磷酸盐释放的问题。     

Applying a new method for direct collection,volume quantification and determination of N2 emission from water

The emission of N2 is important to remove excess N from lakes, ponds, and wetlands. To investigate the gas emission from water, Gao et al.(2013) developed a new method using a bubble trap device to collect gas samples from waters. However, the determination accuracy of sampling volume and gas component concentration was still debatable. In this study, the method was optimized for in situ sampling, accurate volume measurement and direct injection to a gas chromatograph for the analysis of N2 and other gases. By the optimized new method, the recovery rate for N2 was 100.28% on average; the mean coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.9997; the limit of detection was 0.02%. We further assessed the effects of the new method, bottle full of water, vs. vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods, on variations of N2 concentration as influenced by sample storage times of 1,2, 3, 5, and 7 days at constant temperature of 15°C, using indices of averaged relative peak area(%) in comparison with the averaged relative peak area of each method at 0 day.The indices of the bottle full of water method were the lowest(99.5%–108.5%) compared to the indices of vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods(119%–217%). Meanwhile, the gas chromatograph determination of other gas components(O2, CH4, and N2O) was also accurate. The new method was an alternative way to investigate N2 released from various kinds of aquatic ecosystems.     

厦门春季气溶胶特征初探

1993年春季对厦门市大气气溶胶进行了研究,其中包括对3种不同粒径的气溶胶质量浓度?气溶胶元素浓度?气溶胶离子浓度?气溶胶酸度和酸化缓冲能力的研究?结果表明:厦门大气气溶胶质量浓度接近于国家一级标准,细粒子的气溶胶的贡献较高;气溶胶中元素含量较高的为Ca,Al,Fe和S等;在厦门地区气溶胶中NH+₄和SO2-₄主要分布在细粒子中,Ca2+和Mg2+则多分布在粗粒子中,并且其值远小于华南地区;气溶胶中细粒子的酸性大于粗粒子,且酸化缓冲能力远低于粗粒子。      

复合调质提高CaO固硫率的试验研究

对ＣａＯ 经乙醇调质后的固硫特性进行了试验研究，详细研究了水合温度、乙醇／Ｈ２Ｏ 配比等因素对ＣａＯ 固硫率的影响并作了理论分析，探讨了调质过程的机理．提出了在乙醇调质ＣａＯ 后再添加少量金属化合物的方法，发现在１１００℃高温下仍可达７０ ％ 的固硫率．