富春江库区高温热浪变化特征及对藻类水华潜在影响研究

随着全球气候变暖,夏季高温热浪出现频次、强度和持续时间明显增加. 为探明气候变暖引起的夏季高温热浪对藻类水华及淡水生态系统的影响, 基于长期气象观测、高频浮标水温监测、藻华过程浮游植物生物量连续监测以及卫星遥感反演,分析了富春江库区夏季高温热浪长期变化特征以及2016年高温热浪对富春江水库藻类水华的影响过程. 结果表明:①1972—2020年近50年富春江水库呈现明显的区域增温,平均气温增速为0.35 ℃/(10 a),2016年达最高值(18.13 ℃);与此同时,高温热浪频次和天数也显著增加,且起始时间显著提前,结束时间显著推迟,2016年经历了近50年来较严重的高温热浪事件. ②野外实测和卫星遥感反演表明,2016年7—8月富春江水库暴发严重的藻类水华,库区叶绿素a浓度在8月19日达最高值〔(65.3±21.3) μg/L〕. ③因果分析显示,高温热浪引起的气温和水温增加、降水和风速减少以及热力分层强化等直接或者间接诱发和促进了浮游植物生物量累积及蓝藻水华形成. 研究显示,夏季高温热浪加剧了富春江水库藻类水华暴发,未来全球变暖背景下高温热浪频次和强度将继续增加,需开展高频同步监测和受控试验,深入揭示高温热浪对藻类水华形成的驱动机制.      

Dosing low-level ferrous iron in coagulation enhances the removal of micropollutants, chlorite and chlorate during advanced water treatment

Drinking water utilities are interested in upgrading their treatment facilities to enhance micropollutant removal and byproduct control. Pre-oxidation by chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) followed by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is one of the promising solutions. However, the chlorite (ClO₂^–) formed from the ClO₂ pre-oxidation stage cannot be removed by the conventional coagulation process using aluminum sulfate. ClO₂^– negatively affects the post-UV/chlorine process due to its strong radical scavenging effect, and it also enhances the formation of chlorate (ClO₃^–). In this study, dosing micromolar-level ferrous iron (Fe(II)) into aluminum-based coagulants was proposed to eliminate the ClO₂^– generated from ClO₂ pre-oxidation and benefit the post-UV/chlorine process in radical production and ClO₃^– reduction. Results showed that the addition of 52.1-µmol/L FeSO₄ effectively eliminated the ClO₂^– generated from the pre-oxidation using 1.0 mg/L (14.8 µmol/L) of ClO₂. Reduction of ClO₂^– increased the degradation rate constant of a model micropollutant (carbamazepine) by 55.0% in the post-UV/chlorine process. The enhanced degradation was verified to be attributed to the increased steady-state concentrations of HO^· and ClO^· by Fe(II) addition. Moreover, Fe(II) addition also decreased the ClO₃^– formation by 53.8% in the UV/chlorine process and its impact on the formation of chloro-organic byproducts was rather minor. The findings demonstrated a promising strategy to improve the drinking water quality and safety by adding low-level Fe(II) in coagulation in an advanced drinking water treatment train.     

Evidence on the causes of the rising levels of CODMn along the middle route of the South-to-North Diversion Project in China: The role of algal dissolved organic matter

As the biggest inter-basin water transfer scheme in the world,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project（SNWD） was designed to alleviate the water crisis in North China.The main channel of the middle route of the SNWD is of great concern in terms of the drinking water quality.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that the dissolved organic matter（DOM） derived from the planktonic algae causes the rising levels of COD_Mn along the middle route by monitoring data on water quality（2015-20...     

Phenol degradation in waters with high iodide level by layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate: Pathways and products

Recently, layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate (LDH-PDS) as an advanced oxidation system can effectively remove organics by the pathway of free radical. However, little has been known if there is a potential risk regarding the formation of high toxic iodine byproducts through another pathway when LDH-PDS is used in high iodide waters at coastal areas. Therefore, this study investigated phenol degradation pathways and transformation products to evaluate both removal mechanism and potential risk by LDH-PDS in high iodide waters. The results showed that in LDH-PDS system, with the degradation of PDS, phenol degraded till below detection limit in 1 hr in the presence of iodide, while PDS and phenol were hardly degraded in the absence of iodide, indicating iodide accelerated the transformation of PDS and the degradation of phenol. What is more, it reached the highest phenol removal efficiency under the condition of 100 mg/L LDH, 0.1 mmol/L PDS and 1.0 mmol/L iodide. In LDH-PDS system, iodide was rapidly oxidized by the highly active interlayer PDS, resulting in the formation of reactive iodine including hypoiodic acid, iodine and triiodide instead of free radicals, which contributed rapid degradation of phenol. However, unfortunately toxic iodophenols were detected. Specifically, 2-iodophenol and 4-iodophenol were formed firstly, afterwards 2,4-diiodophenol and 2,6-diiodophenol were produced, and finally iodophenols and diiodophenols gradually decreased and 2,4,6-Triiodophenol were produced. These results indicated that LDH-PDS should avoid to use in high iodide waters to prevent toxic iodine byproduct formation although iodide can accelerate phenol degradation.     

米曲霉发酵厨余垃圾制备富酶产物的研究

为了探讨利用微生物发酵厨余垃圾产酶的最佳条件,实现厨余垃圾高值资源化,选取米曲霉为试验菌种,基于米曲霉BNCC142787 (简称“米曲霉B”)、米曲霉CGMCC3.4427 (简称“米曲霉C”)的生长特性解析,研究不同培养方式(静置、振荡)和培养温度(30、35、40 ℃)对米曲霉好氧发酵厨余垃圾产酶性能的影响. 结果表明:米曲霉B和米曲霉C分别在30 ℃和40 ℃、pH为6的培养条件下生长最佳;与静置培养相比,振荡培养可显著提高米曲霉菌丝体的形成和生长速率,促进淀粉酶和蛋白酶分泌. 米曲霉B在40 ℃下厨余垃圾好氧发酵48 h时蛋白酶活性最高,为66.64 U/g;在30 ℃下好氧发酵48 h时,其淀粉酶活性最佳,为129.44 U/g. 米曲霉C在40 ℃下、厨余垃圾好氧发酵96 h时蛋白质酶和淀粉酶活性均达到最高,分别为64.02和131.11 U/g. 研究显示,米曲霉B和米曲霉C产生蛋白酶与淀粉酶的能力相当,但米曲霉B生长速率快,所需发酵时间短,可在温和的条件下实现产酶,因此采用米曲霉B在40 ℃、好氧发酵48 h条件下进行酶源制备,可充分利用厨余垃圾中的营养物质获得富含淀粉酶和蛋白酶的产物,具有显著的应用潜力.      

云浮市2018—2020年颗粒物和臭氧污染特征及污染案例研究

为探究云浮市颗粒物和臭氧(O₃)污染特征,利用多元统计分析方法分析了云浮市2018—2020年6项环境空气污染物浓度、气象因子等监测数据,并对2020年12月25—29日冬季PM_2.5和O₃污染过程进行了研究. 结果表明:①PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、CO月均浓度呈夏季低、冬季高的变化特征;O₃-8 h第90百分位数呈夏秋季高、冬春季低的变化特征. ②PM₁₀、PM_2.5和CO小时浓度日变化呈波浪型变化特征,PM_2.5、CO小时浓度最大值均出现在09:00,PM₁₀小时浓度最大值出现在02:00. O₃、SO₂小时浓度日变化呈单峰型变化特征,O₃、SO₂小时浓度最大值分别出现在16:00、10:00. NO₂小时浓度日变化呈单谷型变化特征,最小值出现在14:00. ③PM_2.5-10、SO₂、NO₂、O₃小时浓度与PM_2.5小时浓度均呈正相关,说明PM_2.5-10、SO₂、NO₂、O₃与PM_2.5具有一定程度的同源性. O₃小时浓度与NO₂、CO小时浓度呈负相关,且O₃小时浓度与NO₂小时浓度相关性更强. 夏秋季NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5小时浓度与气温的相关性比冬春季的更强. SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、O₃小时浓度均与湿度呈负相关,其中O₃小时浓度与湿度的相关性最强,相关系数为?0.586. ④2020年12月25—29日云浮市城区PM_2.5污染受到静稳天气影响,O₃污染与28日午后太阳高温辐射以及来自珠三角地区O₃污染气团的输入影响有关. 利用ART-2a对该时段采集的颗粒物进行成分分析,得到K、EC、OC、ECOC、HM、LEV、Na、SiO₃这8种单颗粒物. 整个时段EC、OC、ECOC谱图中都存在明显的硫酸盐峰和硝酸盐峰. PM_2.5小时浓度与硫酸盐离子、硝酸盐离子、硅酸盐离子、铵离子、氯离子的数量均呈显著正相关,二次反应和老化过程对PM_2.5污染有显著影响. 研究显示,云浮市PM_2.5和O₃复合污染防控需要关注本地污染物变化特征和排放源影响,也需关注外来污染气团特别是来自珠三角地区污染气团输入的影响.      

冬季巢湖SPOM来源、空间变化及营养盐效应

为研究枯水期巢湖水体悬浮颗粒物（SPM）营养元素组成及其潜在环境效应,分析了2020年1月巢湖18个采样点表层水体SPM含量、颗粒有机质（SPOM）含量及氮磷组成,并利用颗粒有机碳、氮同位素组成及C/N研究了冬季巢湖SPOM的来源及其空间变化. 结果表明,悬浮颗粒物总磷(PP)浓度为0.032~0.065 mg/L,平均值为0.049 mg/L;悬浮颗粒物无机磷(PIP)浓度为0.018~0.046 mg/L,平均值为0.032 mg/L,是PP的主要组分,二者浓度均呈西湖区>东湖区>中湖区的空间分布特征. 悬浮颗粒物总氮(PN)浓度为0.254~0.424 mg/L,平均值为0.342 mg/L,其中悬浮颗粒物有机氮(PON)占比较高,表明颗粒态氮以湖泊内源性有机来源为主. 巢湖表层水体SPOM的δ13C范围在?28.72‰~?26.68‰之间,δ15N为3.34‰~9.97‰,C/N为2.51±0.95,指示冬季枯水期水体SPOM主要来自内源水生生物碎屑,而陆源径流输入对湖泊颗粒物影响较小. 研究显示:冬季巢湖悬浮颗粒有机质主要来自湖泊内源,具有潜在的营养盐效应,污染控制需要相应的策略.      

固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架研究

伴随着我国经济发展和城镇化进程,固体废物产生呈强度高、利用不充分的状态,造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染. 随着风险意识的加强,准确评估固体废物的环境风险,已经成为确定固体废物管控目标、边界、优先序的重要基础. 由于固体废物的特性复杂、处理链条长、流动过程受区域发展特征的影响,其环境风险呈现风险因子多元、空间异质性强、不确定性高、易产生长期累积性风险等规律. 现有的固体废物环境风险评估大多基于源项分析,针对特定环节或设施开展定量或半定量的污染物暴露与健康风险评估,缺乏对全过程的系统性分析,无法从全局及区域上综合评估固体废物的环境风险水平. 因此,本文提出固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架,包括固体废物全生命周期路径梳理及特征识别、风险因子及其释放转运过程辨析、受体的最大可接受环境风险水平评估、基于多评价指标的固体废物环境风险的量化,以期为实现固体废物环境风险精细化管控提供支撑.      

基于简化基因组测序的三门湾海域无脊椎动物的遗传多样性分析

本研究通过简化基因组测序（2b-RAD）技术,对浙江省三门湾海域定居性优势无脊椎动物（哈氏仿对虾、口虾蛄、脊尾白虾、三疣梭子蟹、曼氏无针乌贼、棒锥螺和牡蛎）进行遗传结构和遗传多样性分析,以评估三门湾海域水生无脊椎动物资源现状,并为渔业可持续发展提供物种遗传资源监测依据。7个物种共获得12336～108139个SNP位点,变异位点比例为0.168%～1.571%。遗传分析结果显示,7个物种的平均核苷酸多样性（Pi）为0.147～0.306,平均观测杂合度（Ho）为0.142～0.289,多态信息含量（Polymorphism Information Content,PIC）为0.124～0.234,个体间平均遗传距离为0.118～0.246。本研究表明,三门湾水域7种代表性无脊椎动物中,生物群体变异位点比例较低,遗传多样性水平较低,且相同种群个体间的遗传分化较小, 结合本次对三门湾海域渔业资源调查分析,这可能与人工增殖放流等因素有关。