Determination of hexabromocyclododecanes in sediments from the Haihe River in China by an optimized HPLC–MS–MS method

Hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDs),a new type of persistent organic pollutants widely used as brominated flame retardants,have attracted wide attention due to their increasing level and toxicity. A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry(HPLC–MS–MS)in electrospray ionization mode has been developed by optimization of various parameters,which effectively improved the separation degree and responsive intensity of α-,β-and γ-HBCD isomers. The concentrations and distribution profiles of three HBCD isomers were investigated in sediments from the Haihe River in China.It was observed that the concentrations of HBCDs varied in the range of 0.4–58.82 ng/g,showing a decreasing trend along the flow direction,possibly due to attenuation and biodegradation along the flow direction of the Haihe River. The distribution profile of α-,β-,γ-HBCD was 7.91%–88.6%,0–91.47%,and 0.62%–42.83%,respectively. Interestingly,α-HBCD dominated in most sample sites. This was different from the distribution profile in commercial industrial products,which might be attributed to the inter-transformation and different degradation rates of the three HBCD isomers. The potential ecological risk of HBCDs in sediment was characterized under the two-tiered procedure of the European Medicines Evaluation Agency for environmental risk assessment. Although the HBCDs in the selected section of the Haihe River presented "no risk" in the sediment compartment,its risk in sediment cannot be neglected since sediment is one of the important sinks and reservoirs of pollutants.     

东部平原不同类型湖泊沉积物中有机磷的特征

以选自东部平原3种不同类型8个浅水湖泊的18个表层沉积物样品为研究对象,运用分级提取法,研究了沉积物中有机磷（OP）质量分数、形态及其分布状况,并探讨了OP组分与湖泊富营养化的关系. 结果表明:东部平原湖泊沉积物中w（OP）为65.2～539.2 mg/kg,占w（TP）的19.9%～40.6%,污染程度高的沉积物w（OP）高于污染程度较轻的沉积物. 沉积物中各形态有机磷主要以中活性有机磷（MLOP）与非活性有机磷（NLOP）为主,不同类型湖泊沉积物中各形态w（OP）顺序均为城市湖泊>大型养殖型湖泊>大型自然湖泊. 城市湖泊与养殖型湖泊以NLOP为主,其相对含量达到50%以上;而大型自然湖泊以生物有效性有机磷（LOP+MLOP）为主,其相对含量为54.6%～61.6%,表明沉积物中有机磷分布状况与湖泊污染程度和人类活动紧密相关. 酸提取有机磷质量分数〔w（HCl-P_o）〕为10.5～200.9 mg/kg,在不同污染程度湖泊沉积物中差异明显,其和总有机磷（P_o）的比值〔w（HCl-P_o）/w（P_o）〕与湖泊水质指标呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与沉积物w（TP）,w（OP）,w（LOP）及w（MLOP）也均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,即沉积物中的HCl-P_o可能是湖泊水体磷的重要来源,沉积物中w（HCl-P_o）/w（P_o）可以反映湖泊的富营养化程度.      

二氧化硫在大气液相中的氧化

评述了二氧化硫在大气液相中的非催化氧化、催化氧化及光参与催化氧化,讨论了各种氧化机理的相对重要性。     

秦岭穆家庄铜矿地球化学特征

位于秦岭造山带东部柞山热水盆地中南部的穆家庄铜矿床由 7个矿体组成 ,赋矿地层为中泥盆统一套浅变质的具韵律特征的复理石沉积建造 ,矿床产出与地层层位、区域构造和NWW向断裂破碎带密切相关。矿石及其围岩的矿物组成、结构构造、化学成分、流体包裹体和氧、碳同位素地球化学研究表明 ,成矿温度为15 0～ 330℃ ,盐度 5 .8～ 2 3% ,矿石及围岩均以富SiO2 、TFe、Cu、Mn、Ba、Ca、Zn、Pb、Mg、As、Sb、S、C、B、K等元素为特征 ,成矿元素Cu、Zn、Pb等主要来源于前泥盆纪地层 ,成矿流体的O、C主要来自海水 ,铜矿床成因属于弱改造的海底喷流沉积型     

浅析喀斯特生态系统健康影响因子及评价指标——以毕节地区为例

从喀斯特生态系统以及喀斯特生态系统健康评价的概念出发,以毕节地区为例,分析了影响喀斯特生态系统健康的各类因子,如水土流失及石漠化、水资源、生物多样性、地貌、人类活动强度与方式、人-社会-生态健康可持续性等,利用因子载荷分析方法,从生态系统的结构功能、可持续利用能力、动态变化等三个方面筛选出26个因子构建了喀斯特生态系统健康评价的指标体系。     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

太原市冬季PM2.5化学组分特征与来源解析

为研究太原市城区冬季PM_2.5污染特征及来源,于2017年1月对PM_2.5及其化学组分（水溶性离子、碳组分和微量元素）、气态污染物（SO₂、NO₂）进行在线观测,结合气象数据,分析了清洁天和污染天PM_2.5及其化学组分特征,并利用正定矩阵因子分析法（positive matrix factorization,PMF）对PM_2.5进行来源解析.结果表明,2017年1月太原市城区污染天PM_2.5质量浓度（239.92 μg·m^-3）为清洁天的5.70倍,污染天PM_2.5主要化学组分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、OC和EC分别为清洁天的7.04、5.76、6.51、5.62、4.06和4.70倍;污染天硫的氧化速率（SOR）和氮的氧化速率（NOR）分别为0.12和0.19,明显高于清洁天,说明污染天二次转化程度更高;PMF解析结果显示,污染天二次源（35.06%）、燃煤源（30.19%）和机动车源（24.25%）较清洁天分别增长18.03%、7.39%和2.10%,说明太原市城区污染天在管控机动车和燃煤等一次排放源的基础上,更应该注意对二次源前体物的控制.     

An analysis of urban development and its environmental impact on the Tampa Bay watershed

Urbanization has transformed natural landscapes into anthropogenic impervious surfaces. Urban land use has become a major driving force for land cover and land use change in the Tampa Bay watershed of west-central Florida. This study investigates urban land use change and its impact on the watershed. The spatial and temporal changes, as well as the development density of urban land use are determined by analyzing the impervious surface distribution using Landsat satellite imagery. Population distribution and density are extracted from the 2000 census data. Non-point source pollution parameters used for measuring water quality are analyzed for the sub-drainage basins of Hillsborough County. The relationships between 2002 urban land use, population distribution and their environmental influences are explored using regression analysis against various non-point source pollutant loadings in these sub-drainage basins. The results suggest that strong associations existed between most pollutant loadings and the extent of impervious surface within each sub-drainage basin in 2002. Population density also exhibits apparent correlations with loading rates of several pollutants. Spatial variations of selected non-point source pollutant loadings are also assessed.     

Effect of inoculation in composting processes: modifications in lignocellulosic fraction

Three microbial isolates, identified as Bacillus shackletonni, Streptomyces thermovulgaris and Ureibacillus thermosphaericus were tested as inoculants in composting processes in relation to their capacity to improve lignocellulose degradation. Different wastes from agricultural activities were used as raw material for the heaps: pepper plant waste (PPW) as the main component and olive-oil mill waste (OMW), almond shell (AS), pruning waste (PW) and rice straw (RS) as additives. Cellulose was more extensively degraded than hemicellulose and lignin, although the use of inoculants (B. shackletonni and S. thermovulgaris) improved the action of the autochthonous microbiota just in the AS heaps. A higher efficiency was observed for lignin, since lower concentrations of this polymer were detected in the inoculated heaps in relation to control heaps. U. thermosphaericus was the most efficient microorganism since inoculation with this strain decreased the final lignin content in a range between 17.23% and 24.34%. S. thermovulgaris and B. shackletonni led to a higher reduction of the lignin levels in the OMW and PW heaps (14.25% and 19.07% less lignin than control heaps) and OMW (13%), respectively. The composting process can therefore be improved by means of inoculation if the microorganisms used for this purpose are appropriate for the characteristics of the raw material.     

微生物对煤矿固体废弃物的脱硫效应

煤矸石是煤矿特有的一种固体废弃物,应用本实验室筛选出的氧化亚铁硫杆菌Thiobacillus ferrooxidans和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌Thiobacillus thiooxidans对宁夏大武口高硫煤矸石进行微生物脱硫技术及应用条件的研究,如不同煤矸石粒径、不同接种浓度和不同煤矸石浓度。2种脱硫细菌对煤矸石的脱硫效果显著,小粒径煤矸石的微生物脱硫效果更好。考虑脱硫成本及脱硫效率,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans菌最佳的接种浓度为25%,在Thiobacillus thiooxidans菌悬液中,能脱出最大量硫酸根的煤矸石最佳比例是10%。2种菌混合较单菌株脱硫效果更好,以Thiobacillus ferrooxidans∶Thiobacillus thiooxidans=2∶3的比例混合后对煤矸石的脱硫效果最佳,该结果为煤矿废弃物煤矸石的污染防治提供技术依据。