Intensity and daily pattern of passenger vehicle use by region and class in China: estimation and implications for energy use and electrification

Given the explosive growth of the passenger vehicle market and energy demands in China, research on vehicle-use intensity and driver-travel patterns is critical for better assessing travel demand and its implications for alternative fuel vehicles, energy security, and environmental policies. This study attempts to estimate annual vehicle kilometers traveled (AVKT) per privately-owned passenger vehicle and their daily distance patterns by vehicle class and geographic region. The data sample from a survey consists of 169,292 privately owned passenger vehicles, made by 177 car manufacturers during 2003–2018, running in 82 cities from 27 provincial regions. The log-transformed average AVKT is estimated to be 12,377 km with 95% probability ranging from 5490 to 28,579 km. The investigation reveals that vehicles from South China have the highest AVKT at 13,320 km. Generally, vehicles in small cities have higher AVKT than in big cities, except AVKT of tier 1 cities being higher. Another trend is that more expensive or larger vehicles tend to be driven more. A model is fitted for estimating AVKT based on region, city type, automaker, price range, and certain vehicle features including class and age. Data of daily commuting distances in recent years are also analyzed. The average daily commuting distances typically range from 21 to 28 km. Using the validated Gamma distribution method, daily distance distributions are specified for different regions. It is found that 99% of the daily driving distance is no more than 88.0–112.0 km, depending on region. Utility factors of plug-in electric vehicles are also estimated to be much higher than those based on driving data in the USA. These findings suggest global mitigations strategies on vehicle fuel use, electrification, and greenhouse gases should consider vehicle-use intensity at the regional level.

     

造纸污泥混煤燃烧特性及动力学研究

采用综合热重分析法,在不同升温速率及泥煤不同比例混合条件下,开展造纸污泥、煤及泥煤混合物的燃烧热重实验研究.结果表明,造纸污泥的热重曲线存在3个明显的失重区域,分别与2个挥发分析出阶段和1个固定碳燃烧阶段相对应.泥煤混合燃烧过程中,造纸污泥和煤基本保持各自的挥发分析出特性,其燃烧曲线基本位于污泥和煤燃烧曲线之间,且混合...     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments of the Yangtze Estuary

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78-42.74 mg/g, 5.71-19.53 mg/g and 6.71-8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The abovegroun...     

西安外商直接投资的变化特点与限制因素分析

本文通过对多年有关统计资料的计算和整理,从外商投资的阶段、资金、行业、来源及效益几个方面进行分析,表明９０年代以来,外商看好西安,西安外商直接投资的结构日趋合理。文章对西安外商投资的环境分析得出,经济规模、经济增长速率、经济开放度、基础设施是制约西安外商直接投资的主要限制因素。最后,本文提出了吸引外商直接投资的建议。     

钙对紫云英铜害的解毒作用

以南方广泛栽种的绿肥紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)为研究对象,尝试研究常用化学肥料中钙离子对铜离子毒害的缓解作用,为此,设计水培实验,研究了不同钙浓度(CK、2000、3 000、5 000、7000 μmol·L-1)对紫云英在铜胁迫下(50μmol·L-1)生长发育的影响.考察指标为生物量、根干质量、地上部干质量、株高、根长、结瘤情况、根色、叶色、地上部及根的铜和钙含量、根和叶中MDA含最等.以探讨钙对铜胁迫下紫云英的植株长势、对铜的吸收和转运以及膜脂过氧化作用的影响.结果表明:钙对遭受铜害的紫云英长势有促进作用,主要表现为根色转淡和生物量、株高、根长增加,而且这种作用随着培养时间的延长和钙浓度的提高愈来愈明显.进一步的分析发现,紫云英根中铜浓度和叶片MDA含量均随着钙浓度提高而显著减少,这说明钙对紫云英铜害的缓解主要是因为钙抑制了紫云英根对铜的吸收和减轻了叶片膜脂过氧化作用所致.该研究结果可为农业卜治理土壤铜污染,减轻农作物铜害的影响提供思路和科学依据.     

Removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous medium using manganese oxide coated lignocellulose/silica adsorbents

Arsenic (V) adsorption on manganese oxide coated rice wastes was investigated in this study. The modified adsorbents were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and pH measurements to determine the point of zero charge. Batch adsorption equilibrium experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration on arsenic removal efficiency. The adsorption capacity of rice waste was significantly improved after modification with permanganate. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich model which confirms surface homogeneity of the adsorbent. Maxima adsorption capacities are determined as 10 and 12 mg/g at pH 3 for manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw, respectively. The adsorption energy indicates that the adsorption process may be dominated by chemisorption. Pseudo-second-order rate equation described the kinetics sorption of arsenic with good correlation coefficients, better than a pseudo-first-order equation. Manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw appear to be promising low cost adsorbents for removing arsenic from water.     

三氯生对羊角月牙藻生长及其抗氧化系统的影响

以羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为实验材料,研究了三氯生(triclosan,TCS)对羊角月牙藻生长、光合作用叶绿素荧光动力学参数及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,TCS对羊角月牙藻的96h-EC50为0.112mg·L-1,属于高毒。TCS暴露对羊角月牙藻的叶绿素荧光中ABS/RC、PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例等参数有显著影响。随着三氯生浓度的增大,羊角月牙藻的叶绿素荧光中ABS/RC大幅上升,PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例下降;当三氯生浓度为0.256mg·L-1时,ABS/RC达到最大值,PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例下降为最小值,表明藻细胞光合作用的原初反应及电子链传递过程受到严重阻碍。同时,三氯生对羊角月牙藻体内抗氧化酶系中GST活性和MDA含量也有较大影响。在低浓度暴露下,GST活性随TCS浓度增加而增大,但当TCS浓度超过0.256mg·L-1时,GST活性出现显著下降,同时MDA含量达到最大,这种GST活性的下降同时伴随MDA含量的增加表明藻细胞膜系统受到较大损害。     

黑龙江省霜冻的气候变化特征和预报指标

利用1970-2008年地面最低气温和历史天气图资料,对黑龙江省初、终霜冻的天气气候特征进行了分析,并探讨了出现霜冻的环流形势特点,总结出黑龙江省出现霜冻的三种天气学模型:①超极地路径型;②西方路径型;③西北路径型。给出了霜冻的时空分布特征以及对预报有用的一些预报指标,对霜冻预报业务有参考作用。     

Fenton氧化对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

采用Fenton氧化法对印染污泥进行预处理,研究印染污泥中TSS、VSS、CST、SRF等脱水性能指标的变化规律.结果表明,当pH值为2.0,H2O2和Fe2+投加量分别为428 mg.g-1(干泥)和42.8 mg.g-1(干泥),反应时间1.5 h、反应温度80℃时,Fenton氧化后印染污泥的脱水效果最佳.在该条件下,TSS由18.66 g.L-1下降至4.82 g.L-1,去除率为74.17%;CST和SRF分别由98.6 s和6.03×1011s.2g-1下降至18.9 s和8.42×1010s.2g-1;污泥的平均粒径和中值粒径分别由53.8μm和42.9μm下降至19.8μm和16.2μm.     

泥石流监测预警研究现状综述

在泥石流灾害频发的今天,开展泥石流监测预警是一种行之有效的预防手段。从泥石流监测内容研究(固体物源、水源条件和泥石流运动特征等)、泥石流预警临界雨量、监测预警技术方法、手段等方面对泥石流监测预警的国内外研究现状进行了回顾和总结,并对现阶段泥石流等地质灾害监测预警成功率较低所存在的问题进行了分析,进而提出建议和未来监测预警的发展趋势。