纳米零价铁对衰减停滞期氯代烃污染地下水的实地修复

在处于衰减停滞期的氯代烃污染场地,进行了液相纳米零价铁(nZVI)的现场制备,并针对目标含水层完成了nZVI的2次原位注入.监测结果表明,nZVI的原位注入可有效削减高浓度的氯乙烯(VC)且减缓其向下游的迁移.在第2次注入nZVI后期,在距注入井lm的上游和下游监测井中,氯代乙烯整体呈现降低的趋势;而上游监测井中的氯代乙烷则发生显著反弹;在距注入井2m的下游监测井中,各氯代烃均发生持续降解.总铁浓度变化结果表明,原位注入过程促使部分nZVI短期内向上游发生了定向迁移,导致注入初期上游监测井中氯代烃的削减程度高于下游监测井.乙烯浓度的大幅升高(由1490μg·L-1增加至4110μg·L-1)印证了距注入井2 m的下游监测井中脱氯反应最为显著且彻底,可推测下游适量nZVI的引入有效刺激了含水层优势微生物的协同降解.nZVI原位注入可作为以VC污染为主的衰减停滞期地下水修复的有效手段.以上研究结果可为实际场地大规模治理修复提供参考.     

流化床污泥干化系统密封工艺的国产化改进研究

文章介绍了流化床污泥焚烧干化工艺,提出了系统中氧含量控制的重要性和必要性,并阐述了在实际操作过程中问题出现的原因。针对进口设备国产化出现的系统密封问题,对污泥干化系统的影响,以及系统密封工艺的改进,与之相关的工艺操作和工艺参数的调整提出了有针对性的改进措施。通过对系统工艺的改进和系统相关工艺参数的调整,污泥干化系统的操作达到了较好的效果,使得系统氧含量的控制达到了4%以下,优于系统设计要求8%。对污泥无害化处理设备国产化进行了积极的探索和实践。     

Process safety data management program based on HAZOP analysis and its application to an ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol plant

HAZOP analysis is a process hazard analysis method that has been widely applied both within and outside the chemical processing industries. This paper presents a design method for a process safety data management program for petrochemical plants based on HAZOP analysis and demonstrates the steps of application involved in building a process safety data management system for an ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol production plant. Firstly, the production data files and relevant documents of the plants should be classified and stored in the program database as reference documents and treatment schemes for coping with abnormal situations should be collected and summarized as guidance documents. Secondly, the HAZOP analysis method is employed to identify all the dangerous deviations possibly existing in the production process of the ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol plant. Then, the relationships among the deviations, the reference documents and the guidance documents should be considered and evaluated. Finally, each dangerous deviation will be given a corresponding reference document and guidance document. The reference documents and guidance documents stored in the expert system can be utilized to help operators solve the corresponding technical problems and cope with abnormal situations. The process safety data management program will contribute to the identification, analysis and resolution of operation problems. When an abnormal situation occurs, according to the deviations exhibited in the system, the necessary reference documents and guidance documents will be quickly consulted by the operators, and an appropriate decision will be made to address the abnormal situation. Therefore, by using the process safety data management program, plant security and human safety in the petrochemical industries will be improved.     

DGGE技术及其在环境微生物中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)具有可靠性强、重复性好、方便快捷等优点,已被广泛应用于环境科学和污染防治研究领域。介绍了变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)的基本原理和技术路线,重点介绍和讨论了DGGE技术在废水生物处理、废气生物处理和固废生物处理中的应用现状,并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

Analysis of di usion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding di usion and adsorption was studied. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five di erent liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis showed that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) could be 3–4 orders of magnitude is greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better di usion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their di erent Henry’s coe cient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coe cient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9–2.4. As far as di usive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less e ective than CCL.     

煤气化废水的可生化性研究

本文通过对煤气化废水水质特性和实际废水生物反应器的研究,探讨了废水的复杂性和酚对COD的影响,研究表明,废水的可生化性较好,但经脱酚蒸氨后,因酚类物质的去除,COD的可生化性能大大降低,但仍可进行生化处理.     

Assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in contaminated sediments and soils using green fluorescent protein-based bacterial biosensors

A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based bacterial biosensor Escherichia coli DH5alpha (pVLCD1) was developed based on the expression of gfp under the control of the cad promoter and the cadC gene of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258. DH5alpha (pVLCD1) mainly responded to Cd(II), Pb(II), and Sb(III), the lowest detectable concentrations being 0.1 nmol L(-1), 10 nmol L(-1), and 0.1 nmol L(-1), respectively, with 2h exposure. The biosensor was field-tested to measure the relative bioavailability of the heavy metals in contaminated sediments and soil samples. The results showed that the majority of heavy metals remained adsorbed to soil particles: Cd(II)/Pb(II) was only partially available to the biosensor in soil-water extracts. Our results demonstrate that the GFP-based bacterial biosensor is useful and applicable in determining the bioavailability of heavy metals with high sensitivity in contaminated sediment and soil samples and suggests a potential for its inexpensive application in environmentally relevant sample tests.     

生活水污泥油化试验研究

用碳酸钠与污泥混合，在压力４￣５ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ＾２、温度３００￣４５０℃获得燃料油１６％左右，气体各Ｃ１￣Ｃ３烃类占体积的约１９％，臭气物质主要１０种。     

大块液膜法处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水

以三辛胺为载体,煤油为膜溶剂,NaOH为反萃剂,采用大块液膜法处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水.考察了Cr(Ⅵ)迁移的影响因素,实验结果表明:在料液相进水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为1043.6 mg/L、料液相进水pH为1.1、反萃相中NaOH质量分数为20％、液膜相体积为100 mL、液膜相中三辛胺体积分数为15％、反应时间为50 min的条件下,料液相出水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为0.5 mg/L;萃取36批废水后Cr(Ⅵ)浓缩比可达94.2％.     

基于细微粒子污染的灰霾判定方法的研究

本文从细微粒子污染导致灰霾形成的角度出发,首先开展了灰霾监测实验,并对实验数据进行频数和描述性分析,研究了以PM10为主的细微粒子污染与灰霾的影响关系。确定了以PM10日平均浓度为灰霾目的判定依据,并根据中国大陆PM10污染指数的分级标准建立了灰霾等级指数,从而形成了一套根据PM10日平均浓度来确定不同等级的灰霾发生概率的方法,为灰霾预测及灰霾治理提供一定的理论依据。