Effects of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid accumulation and process performance in the anaerobic digestion of two typical bio-wastes

The effect of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid(VFA)accumulation and process instability was studied using a lab-scale anaerobic digester fed by two typical bio-wastes:fruit and vegetable waste(FVW)and food waste(FW)at 35°C with an organic loading rate(OLR)of 3.0 kg VS/(m~3·day). The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on methanogenesis were observed due to the low C/N ratio of each substrate(15.6 and 17.2,respectively). A high concentration of free ammonia inhibited methanogenesis resulting in the accumulation of VFAs and a low methane yield. In the inhibited state,acetate accumulated more quickly than propionate and was the main type of accumulated VFA. The co-accumulation of ammonia and VFAs led to an "inhibited steady state" and the ammonia was the main inhibitory substance that triggered the process perturbation. By statistical significance test and VFA fluctuation ratio analysis,the free ammonia inhibition threshold was identified as 45 mg/L. Moreover,propionate,iso-butyrate and valerate were determined to be the three most sensitive VFA parameters that were subject to ammonia inhibition.     

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

In-situ synthesis of TiO2 rutile/anatase heterostructure by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature and thickness effect of outermost rutile layer on photocatalysis

TiO_2 rutile/anatase heterostructure thin films with varying rutile thickness have been in-situ synthesized via DC magnetron sputtering with Ar gas at room temperature. The crystal texture, surface morphology, energy gap and optical properties of the films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction meter, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction meter, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectrophotometer, which indicates that the rutile/anatase heterostructure films are successfully fabricated. The further degradation experiments display that the photocatalytic activity can be dramatically affected by the thickness of the outmost rutile layer and the 100 nm thickness exhibits the best performance in all of the TiO_2 thin films. With the increase of the outmost rutile layer, the optical band gap of TiO_2 film displays a systematic decrease slightly. However,the change in photocatalytic activity does not coincide with that in the band gap. The photoresponse and electrochemical properties of the thin films have been characterized to understand the mechanism of the varied photocatalytic activity.     

小型城市污水排放量预测模型研究——以楚雄市为例

针对小城市污水排放量历史数据较少,城市发展变化较大的特点,以楚雄市为例,提出了基于污水排放来源以及生成机理的预测方法。根据历史人口增长趋势以及城镇化率进行城区人口综合预测,运用定额法根据不同行业用水特点预测城市用水量,结合城市污水排放特点对楚雄市近期以及远期城市污水排放量进行科学合理的预测,并对预测结果进行了分析,可为城市发展规划提供决策参考。     

LNG储罐安全阀泄漏分析与故障排查

针对16×10~4m~3LNG储罐安全阀泄漏问题,从阀门结构角度对泄漏原因进行了详细的分析,认为主要有三种可能:(1)导阀失效;(2)上阀腔漏气;(3)阀座密封不严。根据分析结论,提出了故障排查的方法以及操作步骤;结合阀门解体检查情况,建立了阀门失效的故障树,从投产、阀门运行维护角度提出了相关建议。     

液化烃球罐泄漏温度场及材料适应性研究

针对高压储存的液化烃一旦发生泄漏,会迅速气化并吸热,使得球罐温度降低,严重时温度可能低于标准中允许的球罐材质最低适应温度的问题,建立球罐三维物理模型,基于CFD模拟的方法,采用雷诺时均的Navier-Stokes方程和k-ε湍流模型,分析球罐管线发生泄漏时球罐本体及周围环境的温度分布情况,探讨了不同泄漏孔径对球罐温度的影响。研究结果表明球罐发生泄漏时,球罐外部温度会明显降低,由于保温层的存在,球罐本体温度降幅不大。但在泄漏孔附近会形成较小的低温区,超过了16MnR材质的低温承受能力,存在较大的风险。     

大气中重金属污染现状及来源研究

总结了近年来的研究成果,通过文献调研对中国大气中重金属污染现状、大气中重金属来源和重金属在环境中的迁移转化途径进行综述,提出为缓解重金属污染的高发态势,保护人群健康,应建立完善的环境污染防治体系,强化大气污染源颗粒物控制来减少重金属在大气环境中的暴露浓度,切断重金属在环境中的污染途径以减少大气传输和沉降,降低由大气-土壤-动植物-人体的重金属暴露健康风险.     

环境规划实施评估指标体系研究

环境规划指标体系是环境规划的核心内容,具有重要意义.环境规划能否切实发挥重要功能,与其规划实施评估有着密不可分的关系.环境规划评估指标体系的建立有利于系统有效地分析和评估环境规划实施效果和问题.通过分析定性评估、定量评估、层次分析法、逻辑框架法等评估方法,并实证分析环境规划评估指标体系的建立,对比分析发现,逻辑框架法可有效地分析环境规划实施过程中存在的问题,从而从总体上构建评估指标体系,可为环境规划的实施评估提供有效的参考.     

因子分析在黄河上游干流地区滑坡灾害中的应用

黄河上游地区干流滑坡灾害频繁发生,造成了严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。对该区滑坡灾害进行研究,对于指导该区的抗灾、减灾和预防工作意义重大。采用遥感技术和野外采样实测,获取了研究区的129处滑坡灾害数据,进而对滑坡灾害影响因素进行了因子分析。通过因子分析,得到公因子,并对公因子命名。在此基础上,计算了因子得分及综合得分,并对其进行了排序。研究结果表明:灾害数据变量之间有较强的相关性,滑坡发生主要受到滑体标高因子、滑体外形因子、地表因子、环境因子和滑体性质5个公共因子的影响。滑体标高、环境特征和滑体性质对滑坡的影响较大,滑体外形因素和地表因素对滑坡发生的影响相对较小。     

新型ISTD反应器处理污水处理厂污泥的试验研究

针对传统的污泥处理方法存在消化时间长、投资及运行费用高、运行管理较复杂等问题,开发了污泥同时浓缩与消化——新型ISTD反应器,并对城市污水厂剩余污泥进行试验研究。试验结果表明:在30³5℃,COD有机负荷0.65 kg/(m3·d),水力停留时间5 d的条件下,有机物分解率为53.88%,排泥含水率为91.91%,出水SS平均为612 mg/L。