电子垃圾拆解废渣-土壤-蔬菜中多氯联苯污染特征与健康风险评估

为研究某电子垃圾拆解区废渣-土壤-蔬菜中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染特征及对人体的潜在健康风险.对电子垃圾废渣样品采样3个、废渣旁的农田土壤和蔬菜分别采样10个和18个(油麦菜6个、四季豆6个和圆白菜6个).废渣、土壤和蔬菜中PCBs含量测定采用高分辨气相色谱-质谱法.结果表明,总PCBs水平:废渣(11 938ng·g-...     

STOCHASTIC WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS USING RELIABILITY METHOD1

ABSTRACT: This study developed a QUAL2E‐Reliability Analysis (QUAL2E‐RA) model for the stochastic water quality analysis of the downstream reach of the main Han River in Korea. The proposed model is based on the QUAL2E model and incorporates the Advanced First‐Order Second‐Moment (AFOSM) and Mean‐Value First‐Order Second‐Moment (MFOSM) methods. After the hydraulic characteristics from standard step method are identified, the optimal reaction coefficients are then estimated using the Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shanno (BFGS) method. Considering variations in river discharges, pollutant loads from tributaries, and reaction coefficients, the violation probabilities of existing water quality standards at several locations in the river were computed from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods, and the results were compared with those from the Monte Carlo method. The statistics of the three uncertainty analysis methods show that the outputs from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods are similar to those from the Monte Carlo method. From a practical model selection perspective, the MFOSM method is more attractive in terms of its computational simplicity and execution time.     

Distribution and hydrodynamic model of the Keumdong oil spill in Kwangyang Bay, Korea

Oil concentrations in the seawater, seabed sediments, and shoreline sediments were measured from the samples collected 165 days after the Keumdong oil spill accident, which had occurred in Kwangyang Bay of the South Sea, Korea in September 1993. Distribution patterns of the concentrations in the seabed and shoreline sediments have allowed us to hindcast the transport and fate of the spilled oil. Overall, the patterns agree better with the southward (seaward) surface water circulation than with the northward (landward) bottom water circulation over the region. Rapid, initial dispersal of the spilled oil to the south and its subsequent grounding onto the intertidal seabed sediments, as well as onto the shorelines, appear to have made ineffective the subsurface oil transport by the bottom current.     

OPTIMIZATION OF INTERMITTENT PUMPING SCHEDULES FOR AQUIFER REMEDIATION USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM1

ABSTRACT: Using a genetic algorithm (GA), optimal intermittent pumping schedules were established to simulate pump‐and‐treat remediation of a contaminated aquifer with known hydraulic limitations and a water miscible contaminant, located within the Duke Forest in Durham, North Carolina. The objectives of the optimization model were to minimize total costs, minimize health risks, and maximize the amount of contaminant removed from the aquifer. Stochastic ground water and contaminant transport models were required to provide estimates of contaminant concentrations at pumping wells. Optimization model simulations defined a tradeoff curve between the pumping cost and the amount of contaminant extracted from the aquifer. For this specific aquifer/miscible contaminant combination, the model simulations indicated that pump‐and‐treat remediation using intermittent pumping schedules for each pumping well produced significant reductions in predicted contaminant concentrations and associated health risks at a reasonable cost, after a remediation time of two years.     

环境微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用及联合毒性效应研究进展

环境微塑料可吸附有机污染物,并与有机污染物进行相互作用从而改变其毒性效应,增加微塑料的治理难度.本文就全球范围内微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用及毒性效应的研究进展进行综述,分析不同介质中微塑料与有机污染物的共存水平、吸附机理、影响因素以及联合毒性效应等.研究表明,微塑料可作为多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、六...     

化学工程固沙在塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治中的适宜性

由于天然材料日益紧缺 ,研制适宜于流动性沙漠地区公路沙害防治的人工替代材料势在必行 .结合塔里木沙漠公路沙害环境 ,实验室优选出 L VA、LVP、WBS和 STB 4种抗性较好的固沙剂 ,对其理化性能、粘结体力学性能和抗风蚀性能等测试结果表明 :颗粒粒径 0.2μm～ 0.5μm,粘度 12 Pa·s～ 15Pa·s;10℃～70℃温度下无沉淀 ,不燃烧 ;实验抗压强度 1.0 MPa～12.1 MPa;10℃～-20℃低温下重量损失率 0%～ 1.8%;紫外光照射 300h强度损失率 0%～ 42%;在 5m·s^-1～253m·s^-1实验风速下 ,风蚀量 0g·(106cm²·h)^-1～4.0 g·(106cm²·h)^-1 ;现场试验固结层厚度 0.2 mm～0.5mm,强度高 .化学工程固沙技术适宜于塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治 .     

不同藻密度下诺氟沙星对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响

诺氟沙星是一种被广泛使用的抗生素,但其对轮虫的毒性作用尚不清楚。为调查诺氟沙星对轮虫的毒性及其与藻密度之间的关系,以及各试验终点对诺氟沙星污染的相对敏感性,本文以萼花臂尾轮虫为受试生物,研究了不同斜生栅藻密度(1.0×10~6、2.0×10~6和4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1))下不同浓度(0、5、20、35、50、65和80 mg·L~(-1))的诺氟沙星对其生命表统计学参数的影响。结果显示,与3个藻密度下的对照组相比,暴露于5～80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫生命期望和世代时间显著延长,净生殖率和种群内禀增长率显著提高。5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星使生命期望和世代时间的延长幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却随着藻密度的升高而减小; 5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星对净生殖率和种群内禀增长率的提高幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却在2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最小,4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最大。1.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,诺氟沙星浓度对轮虫后代混交率无显著性影响(P0.05); 2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5～35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低; 4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5、35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低。当藻密度为1.0×10~6和2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;当藻密度为4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系。本研究表明,亚致死浓度的诺氟沙星促进轮虫的存活、发育、孤雌生殖和种群增长,促进作用的幅度受藻密度的显著影响。     

具有短水力滞留的小型富营养化水库浮游植物群落结构与动态

竹仙洞水库是珠海市对澳门直接供水的水库,也是拱北水厂的重要的水源地.于2006年4月到12月,每2月一次调查了竹仙洞水库水文、水质和浮游植物分布,分析了浮游植物群落季节动态特征.浮游植种类不多,5次采样共检到61种.在丰度上,浮游植物主要以衣藻(Chlamydomonas sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、游丝藻(Planktonema sp.)和隐藻(Cryptomonas sp.)等优势种为主,在生物量上以绿藻和硅藻为优势类群.蓝藻在竹仙洞水库的相对优势并不明显.应用典范对应分析(CCA)对竹仙洞水库浮游植物与环境因子关系分析,环境因子中的pH值、水位、正磷和水力滞留时间对浮游植物的分布影响最大;而透明度和降雨量对其也有一定的影响.从种类分布状况看,衣藻、游丝藻、隐藻对水体中环境因子的敏感性明显高于其它种类,这些种类的相对丰度在低温、低水位和较长水力滞留时间的4月份较高;硅藻门的直链藻(Melosira spp.)、菱形藻(Nitzchia sp.)和裸藻门的梭裸藻(Euglena acus)3种细胞体积较大的种类分布主要受降雨量和透明度的影响,在6月、8月和12月具有较高的相对丰度.与其它热带-亚热带富营养型水库相比,竹仙洞水库的浮游植物群落具有种类相对较少、以绿藻丰度较大的特点;直径在20 μm以上的鞭毛绿藻和丝状绿藻以及细胞较小的硅藻门的小环藻是生物量的主要贡献者,短水力滞留时间是浮游植物群落结构与动态变化的关键控制因子.     

活性炭纤维的氧化处理研究

采用静态保干器法测定了活性炭纤维对乙醇、丙酮、N-甲基吡咯烷酮的吸附量。研究了酸氧化处理对活性炭纤维吸附性能的影响,并用电位滴定法确定了活性炭纤维氧化前后表面含氧官能团的变化。结果表明,活性炭纤维对3种吸附质的吸附量均随时间延长而增加,但饱和吸附量及达到饱和吸附的时间因吸附质的不同而不同。氧化处理后,活性炭纤维表面含氧官能团发生变化,对乙醇的吸附量增加18%,而对N-甲基吡咯烷酮的吸附量提高了300%。     

生态滤池处理城市污水小试研究

生态滤池(MEEF)是利用由微生物和蚯蚓为代表的微型动物共同组成的人工生态系统,对城镇污水中的污染物进行降解处理的新型污水处理技术。采用单层滤池和复合床滤池进行实验,在相同的实验条件下,对生态滤池和无蚯蚓滤池的运行效果进行了比较。运行初期,生态滤池的出水水质稍优于无蚯蚓滤池,特别是悬浮物浓度低;运行半月后,无蚯蚓滤池表面积泥,出现厌氧情况,出水水质变差,而生态滤池至少正常运行1个月。复合床生态滤池连续进水运行,水力负荷达到2.0m3/m2·d,COD去除率达80%以上,出水SS浓度<5mg/L。结果表明,蚯蚓在维持滤池的正常运行起着重要作用。最后介绍了生态滤池中各种生物的作用及生态滤池的工作原理。